中国文化概论
一、名词解释
失望的句子说说心情1、lunar calendar P9
Traditional Chine calendar , according to which a common year has 354 or 355 days in total , 12 months of 30 days or 29 days ,and a lunar leap year has 383 or 384 days in 13 months . According to changes in the position of the sun, a solar year is divided into 24 asonal division points to facilitate farming. The year are designated by pairing items from the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches respectively so that 60 years from a cycle. It is said that the lunar calendar was created during the Xia Dynasty. Hence the term, Xiali, or Xia calendar.
阴历，我国的传统历法，平年12个月，大月30天，小月29天，全年354天或355天。闰年13个月，全年383天或384天。根据太阳的位置，人们把一个太阳年分成24个节气，便于农事。纪年用于天干地支搭配，60年周而复始。这种历法相传创始于夏代，所以又称夏历。现通称阴历或农历。
2、A hundred schools of thought contend P18
The Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Period (770-221 BC) were a time of great social change, stimulating various schools of thought, such as Confucianism, Legalism, Taolism, and Mohism; and scholars wrote, lectured and debated vigorously, creating a lively academic environment later described as “a hundred schools of thought contend”.
干锅鸡块
cad激活步骤百家争鸣，春秋战国时代，社会处于大变革时期，产生了各种思想流派，如儒、法、道、墨等，他们著书立说，互相论战，出现了学术上的繁荣景象，后世称为百家争鸣。
3、campaign of” banning all schools of thought except Confucianism ” P19
In the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wudi instituted the cam密陈paign of” banning all schools of thought except Confucianism ”. He ruled out various schools of thought and cho officials from tho who were steeped(专心于) in Confucianism only. Conquently, Confucianism became an orthodox school that rved as the ideological foundation of the feudal rule throughout the dynasties in China.
在汉朝，汉武帝实行了“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”的政策。他废除了其他各种思想流派而只从儒家中选拔官员。结果，儒家思想成为中国封建朝代统治的正统思想。
4、旅游业现状Poetry of the South P32
梦见没赶上飞机Poetry of the South follows The Book of Songs as an important poem collection from ancient China with a far-reaching influence. Chu Ci (楚辞)，as the book’s Chine name indicates, is derived from the songs of the southern state of Chu during the Warring States Period. 虾蒸蛋It pioneered romanticism in Chine poetry. Liu Xiang and Wang Yi, of the Eastern Dynasty, collected and compiled the works of the noted poet Qu Yuan and his disciples(弟子) as Poetry of the South. The vers of Poetry of the South are freer than tho of The Book of Songs. It is not fixed to four characters per line, and the character “xi青州旅游”(兮) is often put in the middle or the end of some lines.
《楚辞》是继《诗经》之后的古代中国的另一重要的诗歌总集，有着深远的影响。楚辞，它的中文名称指出本书的诗歌是源于战国时期的楚国，是中国浪漫主义的源头。《楚辞》是由西汉的刘向和王义收集屈原及其弟子的名作并编辑而成。
5、The Book of Songs P31
The Book of Songs is a collection of China's 305 oldest poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle Spring and Autumn Period, and is regarded as the earliest realistic literature in China. The Book of Songs enjoys a reputation of artistic value and has a great influence on the literary works that followed. In the light of rhythms, the works can be divided into three ctions: Feng ,Ya and Song.
《诗经》是中国最早的诗歌总集，收录了西周早期至春秋中期的305首最古老的诗歌，亦被看做是中国最早的现实主义文学。作为中国文学的开端，《诗经》具有极大的艺术价值并对后世的文学作品产生了极大的影响。根据其节奏，《诗经》可分为风、雅、颂三部分。
6、Beijing Opera P56
Originally Beijing Opera was a form of local theatre. It then spread across the country and became the national opera of China.Towards the end of the 18th century, folk singers of A
nhui and Hubei Provinces, who were performing in Beijing at the time, created Beijing Opera by borrowing some of the plays, tunes, and acting skills and by absorbing some of their folk music and tunes from Kunqu Opera(昆曲) and Shaanxi Opera(秦腔). Over the time, it developed its own artistic style and a complete repertoire(表演体系). It is now regarded as the crown of Chine opera. Singing, recitation, acting, and acrobatic fighting(唱、念、做、打) are the four artistic means and the four basic skills of Beijing Opera.
最初，京剧是一种地方的戏曲形式，后来它不断传播而成为中国的国粹。到了18世纪后期，来自安徽和河北的民间艺人在当时的北京表演，借助和吸收了昆曲和秦腔的一些表演、曲调、表演技能和一些民间音乐而创造的京剧。随着世纪的流逝，京剧逐渐形成了其独有的艺术形式及完整的表演体系。现在它已是中国戏曲的代表。唱、念、做、打是京剧最基本的四种方法及技能。
7、Kunqu Opera P59
Kunqu Opera is one of the oldest operatic forms in China and is considered the mother of
many other types of traditional operas. It originated from early folks operas popular in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province and had reached its peak of popularity by the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. It influenced Beijing Opera amongst others. Kunqu Opera is known for its gentle and clear vocals, beautiful and refined tunes, and dance-like stage performance. However, towards the end of the Qing Dynasty, it lost its appeal and was on the verge of extinction. The fate of Kunqu Opera has also attracted worldwide attention. In 2001, it was listed in the Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage (人类口头非物质文化遗产) by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO:联合国教科文组织)。
昆曲是中国最古老的戏曲形式之一，并被看做是很多其他传统戏曲的鼻祖。它源于江苏昆山早期的民间戏曲，并在明末清初达到顶峰，对京剧及其它戏曲都有很大的影响。昆曲以其优雅清新的唱腔、美好精妙的曲调及精湛的舞台表演而著称。然而，到了清末，它逐渐衰落并濒临灭绝。昆曲的命运引起了国际的注意，在2001年，被联合国教科文组织列为“人类口头非物质文化遗产”。
8、The academy of classic learning P69
Academy of classic learning came into being during the Tang Dynasty and continued until the end of the Qing Dynasty. They were established in various localities for studies and lectures. Academy of classic learning and the books collection mansions(藏经阁) existed thousands of years ago and were more like the prent higher education institutions and libraries. They became the gathering places for scholars, celebrities, and intellectuals. There are four famous academies in ancient China: Yuelu Academy in Changsha, Hunan Province; Bailugong Academy on Mount Lushan, Jiangxi Province; Songyang Academy in Dengfeng, Henan Province, and Yingtian Academy in Shangqiu, Henan Province.
