The history of the tortoi
乌龟史
If you go back far enough, everything lived in the a.
很久很久以前，所有的一切都生活在海里
At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land,sometimes even to the most parched derts,taking their own private awater with them in blood and cellular fluids.
在很多不同类型的动物群体中，其中那些有进取心的群体在进化史的很多节点里断断续续向陆地迁徙，有些甚至只是凭借血液内的海水和细胞里的液体，竟迁徙去了最炎热的沙漠
开放性问题
In addition to the reptiles,birds,mammals and incts which we e all around us, other groups that have succeeded out of water include scorpions ,snails,crustaceans such as woodlice and land crabs,millipedes and centipedes,spiders and various worms.
另外，我们身边的爬虫动物，鸟类，哺乳动物和昆虫也成功出水，还有蝎子，甲壳类动物如木虱，螃蟹，千足虫，蜈蚣，蜘蛛和多种蠕虫
And we mustn’t forget the plants,without who prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could have happened.腰果虾仁怎么做
并且，我们决不能忽视掉植物，如果没有它们作为先遣队进入陆地，上述这一切是不可能发生的。
Key Words: a ,plant, land
Evolutionary adj. 进化的
Enterprising adj. 有魄力的有进取心的
Parched adj. 炎热的
Dert n. 沙漠v. 抛弃Desrt n. 甜点
Cellular adj. 细胞的
Fluid n. 液体Adj. 流动的
Reptile n. 爬虫动物
Mammal n. 哺乳动物
必背古诗
Inct n. 昆虫
Succeed out v. 成功
Scorpion n. 蝎子
Snail n. 蜗牛
Crustacean n. 甲壳类动物Adj. 甲壳纲的
Woodlice n. 木虱
Land crab n. 陆地螃蟹
幼儿园传统游戏Millipede n. 千足虫
Centipede n. 蜈蚣
Worm n. 虫、蠕虫
Prior a. 先前的
Invasion. n. 入侵-v. invade
Migration n. 移民迁徙Immigration n. 移民
Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life,including breathing and reproduction .
从水中移向陆地（这一行为）涉及身体各方面的主要重组，其中包括呼吸和繁殖Nevertheless ,a good number of thoroughgoing land animals later turned around,abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, and returned to the water again.
然而，大量辛苦爬上陆地的动物不久就转向了，放弃了它们在陆地辛苦进化来的重组工具，又返回了水中。
Seals have only gone part way back.They show us what the intermediates might have been like,on the way to extreme cas such as whales and dugongs.
酥肉的做法大全
海豹是其中唯一的只走回一半路的，它们向我们展示了处于来回路中间的是什么样。也有比较极端的例子，比如鲸鱼和儒艮
Whales(including the small whales we call dolphins )and dugongs,with their clo cousins the manatees,cead to be land creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote ancestors.
鲸鱼（包括我们所说的小鲸鱼海豚）和儒艮，还有它们的近亲海牛，一齐终止了陆地生物属性，重新拾起了它们远古祖先的海洋习惯
They don’t even come ashore to breed.
它们甚至都不来海岸繁殖了
They do ,however,still breathe air,having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation .
但是，它们却呼吸空气，而从未进化出较早海洋动物都有的鳃
Turtles went back to the a a very long time ago and ,like all vertebrate returnees to the water,they breathe air.
海龟，返回海洋已经非常久了。和其他返回水中的脊椎动物一样，海龟也呼吸空气However ,they are,
in one respect ,less fully given back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles still lay their eggs on beaches .
但是，有一方面海龟与已完全回到水中的鲸鱼和儒艮不同，它们返回水中相对较少，仍然在沙滩上产卵
Key Words: reproduction, return or stay
Reproduction n. 繁殖再现复制品
Nevertheless adv. 然而不过
thoroughgoing a. 彻底的radically adv.根本地完全地completely adv. 完全地彻底地hard-earned a. 辛苦得来的
Terrestrial adj. 陆地的
Intermediate adj. 中间的Intermediates n. 中间者
Whale n. 鲸鱼
Dugong n. 儒艮
Dolphin n 海豚Penguin n. 企鹅
Manatee n. 海牛
Cea v. 停止终止pau v. 停止中止
Revert v. 回复重提
Equivalent a. 相等的相当的
Gill n. 鳃
Incarnation n. 赋予肉体具人形化身
Vertebrate n. 脊椎动物
Returnee n. 返回者
Ashore n 海岸
Beach n. 沙滩
There is evidence that all modern turtles are descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived before most of the dinosaurs.
有证据表明，所有的现代海龟都是从先恐龙时代的陆地祖先进化而来
There are two key fossils called Proganochelys quenstedti and Palaeochersis talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times,which appear to be clo to the ancestry of all modern turtles and tortois.
其中有两块关键化石名为：Proganochelys quenstedti 和Palaeochersis talampayensis，生成于早期恐龙时代，揭示了与所有现代海龟和乌龟祖先的亲密联系
You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water ,especially if only fragments are found
你或许想问：我们是如何知道那些动物生活在海里还是陆地，尤其是仅仅找到了一些化石碎片而已
Sometimes it’s obvious .
有时是很明显的
Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies .
鱼龙，是恐龙时代的两栖动物，有着鱼鳍和流线型的身体
The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins , in the water .
它们的化石看起来像海豚，并且，在水中，它们也像海豚一样生活
With turtles it is a little less obvious .
One way to tell is by measuring the bones of their forelimbs.
通过检测它们前肢骨后，结果显示它们与海龟不是很像
Key Words: ancestor of turtle
Descend v. 下来下降遗传
Terrestrial a. 陆地的
Dinosaur n. 恐龙
Ancestry n. 祖先
Fossil n. 化石Fossil Energy 化石能源Fossil fuel 化石燃料
Ichthyosaur n. 鱼龙
Reptilian a. 爬行动物的爬虫的卑躬屈膝的卑鄙的，n.两栖动物卑劣的人Contemporary a当前的同时代的n. 同时代的人或物
Fin n. 鱼鳍鱼翅
Streamlined a. 流线型的
Forelimb n. 前肢
Water Joyce and Jacques Gauthier,at Yale University ,obtained three measurements in the particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortois.
耶鲁大学的Water Joyce 和Jacques Gauthier，从71种活体海龟和乌龟的特殊骨骼测试中获得三个数
据
They ud a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against one another .
他们用了一种三角形的图表纸来绘制这三个测量数据以区分彼此
All the land tortoi species formed a tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle;all the water turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph.
所有的旱系乌龟都集中分布在三角形的上部分，所有的水系海龟都分布在三角形图表的下部分
There was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time both in water and on land .两者间没有重叠。知道他们添加了一些既生活在水中又生活在陆地的乌龟物种Sure enough ,the amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the‘wet cluster’of a turtles and the ‘dry cluster ‘of land tortois .
可以确定的是，在三角形图表上，这些两栖物种大致分布在“湿集”的水系海龟和“干集”的陆系乌龟中间位置
The next step was to determine where the fossils fell.The bones of P.quenstedti and P.talampayensis leave us in no doubt .
接下来是决定这个化石该放在哪儿，这些化石没有给我们丝毫悬念
Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster.
高德康在图表上，他们在深深地陷入在“干集”中间
Both the fossils were dry-land tortois .
这些化石都是旱地乌龟
They come from the era before our turtles returned to the water .
在它们存在时，海龟还没有返回水中。
Key Words: three measurements of tortoi and turtle
Plot v.绘图绘制N. 小块土地
Triangular a. 三角形的三人间的Triangle n. 三角形
Tight a. 紧密的Cluster n. 集群垃圾分类作品
Overlap v. 重叠N. 重叠部分
Amphibious a.两栖的species n. 物种
Approximately a.近似的大约Appropriate a. 合适的
Thick 厚的
Era n. 时代时期纪元
You might think,therefore ,（变换句式形成的英语语言美感）that modern land tortois have probably stayed on land ever since tho early terrestrial times ,as most mammals did after a few of them went back to the a.
But apparently not.
因此，你或许会认为，自早些时候起，现代陆系乌龟和大多数哺乳动物一样待在陆地上，之后其中的一些乌龟又回到了海洋中
但明显不是。
望舒草
If you draw out the family tree of all modern turtles and tortois ,nearly all the branches are
aquatic.
如果你给所有的现代海龟和乌龟花一幅家族树的话，（你会发现）几乎所有的分支都是水系的
Today’s land tortois constitute a single branch, deeply nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles .
如今的陆系乌龟却是唯一的分支，完全淹没在水系海龟的分支中
This suggestion that modern land tortois have not stayed on land continuously since the time of P. quenstedti and P.talampayensis
自P. quenstedti和P.talampayensis起，这些现代陆系乌龟就没有持续地留在陆地上Rather , went back to the water,and they then reemerged back onto the land in (relatively )more recent times.
相反，它们中的一些回到了水中，然后又（相对地）在最近从水中浮起来回到陆地上
Key Words: the difference between tortoi with turtle
Apparently adv. 明显的显然的
Aquatic adj. 水的水生的
Constitute v. 构成组成
Branch n. 分支支脉
Nest n. 巢窝v. 造巢使套入
Reemerge-d v. 再度出现
Tortois therefore reprent a remarkable double return.
由此，陆地乌龟代表了不可思议的“双返”
In common with all mammals,reptiles and birds,their remote ancestors were marine fish and before（很多人在这一段会觉得逻辑有点乱，重点关注介词就可以避免了）that various more or less worm-like creatures stretching back,still in the a ,to the primeval bacteria .
同所有哺乳动物一样，爬行动物和鸟类的远古祖先都是鱼，再往前是蠕虫状的生物，仍在海中，再往
前，就是原始细菌了
Later ancestors lived on land and stayed there for a very large number of generations.
往后走，乌龟祖先们在陆地生存，并在那儿繁衍了很多很多代
Later ancestors still evolved back into the water and became a turtles .
在然后，乌龟祖先们进化，返回水中，并成为海龟
And finally they returned yet again to the land as tortois, some of which now live in the driest of derts.
最后，它们又返回到陆地上成为乌龟，其中的一些至今生活在最干旱的沙漠中
Key Words: reemerge of tortoi
Reprent v. 代表
Remarkable adj. 非凡的显著的
More or less adv. 差不多，几乎；大约；多少不等；多多少少
Worm-like adj. 蠕虫状的
Stretching v. 伸展伸长~ back 返回折回
Primeval n. 原始
