32. Petroleum Geology and Other Sciences 石油地质学与其它科学
1. Petroleum geology is the application of geology (the study of rocks) to the exploration for and production of oil and gas. Geology itlf is firmly bad on chemistry, physics, and biology, involving the application of esntially abstract concepts to obrved data. In the past the data were basically obrvation and subjective, but they are now increasingly physical and chemical, and therefore more objective. Geology, in general, and petroleum geology, in particular, still rely on value judgements bad on experience and an asssment of validity among the data prented.
1、石油地质学是地质学(岩石研究)在油气勘探开发和生产中的应用。地质学本身是以化学、物理和生物学为基础，应用其基本的抽象理论概念来解释观察到的资料。在过去，这些资料主要凭主观观察获取。现在借助物理和化学手段，因而更具客观性。从根本上讲，地质学和石油地质学仍然特别依赖于基于经验的数值判断和对现有资料的有
效性评估。
2. The application of chemistry to the study of rocks (geochemistry) has many us in petroleum geology. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogical composition of rocks is important at many levels. In the early stages of exploration certain general conclusion s as to the distribution and quality of potential
rervoir could be made from their gross lithology. For example, the porosity of sandstones tends to be facies related, whereas in carbonate rocks this is generally not so. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogy of rervoirs enable s estimate s to be made of the rate at which they may lo porosity during burial, and this detailed mineralogical information is esntial for the accurate interpretation of geophysical well logs through rervoir s. Knowledge of the chemistry of pore fluids and their effect on the stability of minerals can be ud to predict where porosity may be destroyed by cementation, prerved in its original form, or enhance d by solution of minerals by formation waters.
2、化学应用到石油地质的岩石研究(地球化学)中有许多作用。岩石矿物组分的详细资料在许多方面(at many levels)很重要。在勘探早期，就潜在储层的分布和质量而言(as to the distribution and quality of potential rervoir)我们可以从总的岩性（their gross lithology）得出某些通用的结论（certain general conclusions）。例如，砂岩孔隙度一般与“相”(facies)有关，而(whereas)一般在碳
酸盐岩中则并非如此。储层矿物学的详细知识可以帮助我们估计出在埋藏过程中(during burial)孔隙度损失的速率。这样详细的矿物组分资料对于准确地解释储层地球物理测井非常必要。了解孔隙流体的化学组成及其对岩石稳定性的影响，有助于预测哪些地区孔隙度因胶结作用而变差，哪些地区孔隙度保持不变，哪些地区孔隙度因地层水的溶蚀作用(solution of minerals)而提高。
3. Organic chemistry is involved both in the analysis of oil and gas and in the study of the diagenesis of the plant and animal tissue s in diments and the way in which the resultant organic compound, kerogen, generates petroleum.
3、有机化学（organic chemistry）则可应用于分析原油和天然气，可用于研究沉积物中植物和动物组织的成岩作用(diagenesis)，研究动植物组织转化为合成有机化合物（课文中没有相应的英文），揭示（研究）由此而生成的有机化合物干酪根(kerogen)生成石油的方式。
4. The application of physics to the study of rocks (geophysics) is very important in petroleum geology. In its broadest application geophysics makes a major contribution to understanding the earth's crust and, especially through the application of modern plate tectonic theory, the genesis and petroleum potential of dimentary basins. More specially, physical concepts are required to understand folds, faults, and diapirs, and hence their roles in petroleum entrapment.
4、在石油地质中，将物理应用到岩石研究(地球物理)中很重要。地球物理的广泛应用对于了解地壳，尤其是应用了现代板块构造理论后，对于了解沉积盆地的成因(genesis)和潜在石油资源做出了重要贡献(make a contribution to)。更为特别的是，在理解褶皱、断层和底辟以及它们在石油圈闭过程中的作用时需要物理概念。
5. Modern petroleum exploration is unthinkable without the aid of magnetism, gravity, and ismic surveys in finding potential petroleum traps. Nor could any finds be evaluated effectively without geophysical wireline well logs to measure the lithology, porosity, and petroleum content of a rervoir.
5、利用现代石油勘探手段寻找潜在的石油圈闭时，如果没有地磁、重力和地震勘探(ismic survey)，是不可想象的(unthinkable)。同样，如果没有地球物理电缆测井测量岩性、孔隙度和储层中石油的含量，对任何发现的圈闭也不可能做到有效评价。
6. Biology is applied to geology in veral ways, notably through the study of fossil s (paleontology), and is especially significant in establishing biostratigraphic zones for regional stratigraphical correlation. The shift in emphasis from the u
of macrofossils to microfossils for zonation, caud by oil exploration, has already been noted. Ecology, the study of the relationship between living organism s and their environment, is also important in petroleum geology. Carbonate diments, in general, and reefs, in particular, can only be studied profitably with the aid of a detailed knowledge of the ecology of modern marine fauna and flora. Biology, and especially biochemistry, is important in studying the transformation of plant and an
imal tissues into kerogen during burial and the generation of oil or gas that may be caud by this transformation.
6、生物学可以从几个方面应用于(be applied to)地质学，较为明显(notably)的是用于化石研究(古生物学)，同时，生物学对区域地层对比(regional stratigraphical correlation)和建立生物层序地层带(establishing biostratigraphic zones)具有极为重要的意义。由石油勘探引起的（caud by oil exploration）划带重点化石已经显然由大化石转移到微体化石。生态学，即研究生物与其环境之间关系的科学，在石油地质中也很重要。总体而言，碳酸盐岩沉积物，特别是生物礁，只有在现代海洋动物群落和植物群落生态学详细资料的帮助下才能获得有益的研究成果（开展有益地研究）。生物学，尤其是生物化学，对于埋藏过程中动植物组织转化为干酪根并由此生成石油和天然气的研究很重要。7. Geologists, in contrast to some non-geologists, believe that knowledge of the concepts of geology can help to find petroleum and, furthermore, often think that petroleum geology and petroleum exploration are synonym s, which they are not. Theories that petroleum is not formed by the transformation of organic matter in diments have already been noted and are examined in more detail. If the petroleum geologists' view of oil generation and migration are not accepted, then prent exploration methods would need extensive modification.
7、地质学家相对于(in contrast to)非地质学家(如下面提到的勘探学家)来说，更相信了解地质概念有
助于(help to)寻找石油。而且(furthermore)，常常认为石油地质和石油勘探是同义词(synonym)，而实际上并非如此。石油并不是由沉积物中的有机物转化而来的理论已经引起人们的关注，并在许多细节问题上(in more detail)得以证实。如果石油地质学者关于油气生成和运移的观点不被接受，那么目前的勘探方法需要大幅度改变。
8. Some petroleum explorationist s still do not admit to a need for geologist s to aid them in their arch. In 1982 a successful oil finder from Midland, Texas, admitted to not using geologists becau when his competitor s hired them, all it did was to
increa their costs per barrel of oil found. The South African State Oil Company (SOEKOR) is under a statutory obligation impod by its government to put to the test every claim to an oil-finding method, be it a dowsing or some sophisticated scientific technique. The examples are not isolated cas, and it has been argued that oil may better be found by random drilling than by the appliance of scientific principles.
8、一些石油勘探学家(explorationists)仍然不承认(admit to + n. or doing)在找油过程中需要地质学家的帮助。1982年，一位来自德州米德兰油田的发现者声称没有雇佣地质学家。他的对手雇佣(hire)了地质学家，这样做的结果(all it did)只是增加了每桶原油的成本。南非国家石油公司在政府法律强行规
定下(under a statutory obligation impod by its government)，对每种发现石油的方法(寻找矿藏和水源机械方法或复杂的科学方法)必须进行测验。上述事例并非是独一无二的，它说明(it has been argued that)寻找石油可能的较好方法是随机钻探(random drilling)，而不是应用科学原理。
课后练习：
1. Petroleum geology is the application of geology (the study of rocks) _____the exploration _____and production of oil and gas.
A for/of
B to/for
C of/for
D to/of
2. Geology itlf is firmly bad on chemistry, physics, and biology, _____the application of esntially abstract concepts _____obrved data.
A involved/of
B involves/for
C involving/ to
D involving/for
3. Geology, in general, and petroleum geology, in particular, still _____value judgements bad on experience and an asssment of validity among the data _____.
A rely on/prented
如梦令意思B rely on/prenting
C reply
on/prented D reply on/prent
4. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogical _____ of rocks is important at many levels.
A compo
B comprehension
C composition
D complication
5. In the early stages of exploration certain general conclusions as to the distribution and quality of potential rervoir could be made from their_____ lithology.
大学生个人简历A grow
B groove
C grocery
D gross
6. For example, the porosity of sandstones tends to_____, whereas in carbonate rocks this is generally not so.
A be facies related
B related facies
C be facial related
D being related facies
王维是什么派诗人7. Detailed knowledge of the mineralogy of rervoirs enables estimates ____ the rate ___ which they may lo porosity during burial, and this detailed mineralogical information is esntial for the accurate interpretation of geophysical well logs through rervoirs.
A be made of/ at
B to make/ for
C to be made of/at
D being made/to
8. Knowledge of the chemistry of pore fluids and their effect on the stability of minerals can be ud to predict _____ porosity may be destroyed by cementation, prerved in its original form, or enhanced by solution of minerals by formation waters.
A what
B where
C how
D which
9. Organic chemistry is both involved the analysis of oil and gas and in the study of the diagenesis of the plant and animal tissues in diments and the way in which the resultant organic____, kerogen, generates petroleum.
A compo
B campus
C complicate服装拿货
D compound 10. In its broadest application geophysics makes a major_____
to _____the earth's crust and especially through the
application of modem plate tectonic theory, the genesis and petroleum potential of dimentary basi
ns.
A contribute/ understanding
B contribution/understand
C contribution/ understanding
D contribute/understand
11. Modern petroleum exploration is unthinkable ______the aid
of magnetism, gravity, and ismic surveys in finding
potential petroleum traps.
A at
B with
C for
D without
12. Biology is applied to geology in veral ways, notably through
小猪变形记绘本故事the study of fossils (paleontology), and is especially
significant in ____ biostratigraphic zones for regional
网络营销前景怎么样stratigraphical correlation.
A established
B establishment欣喜的近义词
C establishing
D establish
13. The shift on emphasis from the u of macrofossils to
microfossils for zonation, ____ oil exploration, has already been noted.
A causing
爱的温度B becau
C caud
D caud by
