考研英语阅读理解:生命进化历史

更新时间:2023-07-27 06:42:08 阅读: 评论:0

Between 5,000 million and 4,000 million years ago the Earth was formed. By 3,000 million years ago life had arin and we have fossils of microscopic bacteria like creatures to prove it. (21) ————. Nobody knows what happened, but theorists agree that the key was the spontaneous arising of lf replicating entities, i.e. something equivalent to “genes” in the general n.
The atmosphere of the early Earth probably contained gas still abundant today on other planets in the solar system. Chemists have experimentally reconstructed the ancientconditions in the laboratory. If plausible gas are mixed in a flask with water, and energy is added by an electric discharge (simulated lightning), organic substances are spontaneously synthesized. The include the building blocks of RNA and DNA. It ems probable that something like this happened on the early Earth. Conquently, the a would have become a “soup” of prebiological organic compounds. (22)————.
Today the most famous lf replicating molecule is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), but it is widely thought that DNA itlf could not have been prent at the origin of life becau its replication is too dependent on support from specialized machinery, which could not have been available before evolution itlf began. DNA has been described as a “high tech” molecule which probably aro some time after the origin of life itlf. Perhaps the related molecule RNA, which still plays various vital roles in living cells,
was the original lf replicating molecule. Or perhaps the primordial replicator was a different kind of molecule altogether. (23) ————. Variants that were particularly good at replication would automatically have come to predominate in the primeval soup. Varieties that did not replicate, or that did so inaccurately, would have become relatively less numerous. This led to ever increasing efficiency among replicating molecules.
As the competition between replicating molecules warmed up, success must have gone to the ones that happened to hit upon special tricks or devices for their own lf prervation and their own rapid replication. The rest of evolution may be regarded as a continuation of the natural lection of replicator molecules, now called genes, by virtue of their capacity to build for themlves efficient devices (cells and multicellular bodies) for their own prervation and reproduction. (24)————.
Fossils were not laid down on more than a small scale until the Cambrian era, nearly 600 million years ago. The first vertebrates may date back 530 million years, according to fossil evidence—primitive, jawless fishes with fins, gills, and
fish like muscle patterns—found in China in 1999. Vertebrates appear abundantly in fossil beds between 300 and 400 million years ago. (25)————. Mammals and, later, birds, aro from two diff
erent branches of reptiles. The rapid divergence of mammals into the rich variety of types that we e today, from opossums to elephants, from anteaters to monkeys, ems to have been unleashed into the vacuum left by the catastrophic extinction of the dinosaurs, 65 million years ago.
\[A\] Among vertebrates, the land was first colonized by lobe finned and lung bearing fish about 250 million years ago, then by amphibians and, in more thoroughgoing fashion, by various kinds of animals that we looly lump together as “reptiles”.
\[B\] Once lf replicating molecules had been formed by chance, something like Darwinian natural lection could have begun: variation would have come into the population becau of random errors in copying.
\[C\] It is not enough, of cour, that organic molecules appeared in the primeval soup. The crucial step, as noted above, was the origin of lf replicating molecules, molecules capable of copying themlves.陀飞轮歌词
\[D\] Although we naturally emphasize the evolution of our own kind—the vertebrates, the mammals, and the primates—the constitute only a small branch of the great tree of life.
\[E\]When the environment changes, or when organisms move to a different environment, different variations are lected, leading eventually to different species. Harmful mutations usually die out quickly, so they don t interfere with the process of beneficial mutations accumulating.
\[F\] Three thousand million years is a long time, and it ems to have been long enough to have produced such astonishingly complex contrivances as the vertebrate body and the inct body.
地区差距\[G\]Some time between the two dates—independent molecular evidence suggests about 4,000 million years ago—that mysterious event, the origin of life, must have occurred.[748 words]
核⼼词汇国际跆拳道联盟
赵小婷
by/in virtue of 凭借(某种⼿段);由于,因为例:He was exempt from charges by virtue of his youth/of being so young.他因年幼⽽获得免费. / She became a British citizen by virtue of her marriage.她借助婚姻成了英国公民。
extinction n. [U] *①(物种)灭绝,绝种例:be threatened with extinction濒临灭绝②(信仰、⽣活⽅式等)遭毁灭,消失,消亡
hit on/upon ①(经长时间考虑后)突然想出(好主意)例:In this way we hit upon over 20 uful m
ethods of work.就这样我们想出了20多种有⽤的⼯作⽅法。 *②偶然发现(某物)例: At last she hit upon a room that suited them nicely.最后她找到
了⼀间适合他们使⽤的房间。
in more thoroughgoing fashion以更彻底的⽅式; fashion以……⽅式例:Leave the building in an orderly fashion.要有秩序地⾛出楼去。
interfere with *①妨碍,打扰例:Don t allow pleasure to interfere with duty.不要让娱乐妨碍了职责。②⼲扰(⼴播或电视播送)
lay down ①放下(武器等)例:The general told the troops to lay down their arms.将军命令部队放下武器。②[常⽤被动态](正式地或坚决地)阐述,声明,规定例:It is laid down that all applicants must sit a written exam.根据规定, 申请者⼀律需经笔试。③开始建造;开始做(奠基性的⼯作)例:Crick and Watson laid down the foundations of modern genetic rearch.克⾥克和沃森为现代遗传学研究奠定了基础。 *④ (化⽯、地层等的)沉积形成
超纲词汇
anteater n.⾷蚁兽, ⾷蚁动物
contrivance n. *①发明,发明物,发明的才能②计谋,诡计
DNA 脱氧核糖核酸,deoxyribonucleic acid的缩写,指细胞核内携带基因信息的物质,具有双螺旋结构
gill n. *①鱼鳃②(蘑菇或其他菌类的)菌褶
lobe n. *①(⽣物⾝体上的)⾁垂,圆形的突出物②(=earlobe)⽿垂③(尤指脑、肺等的)叶
mutation n.(动物、植物的)突变,变异
opossum n. 尾有卷握⼒的⼩有袋动物,负⿏
primeval a. *①太古的,太初的(地球或宇宙存在的最早期)②原始的,远古的例:a primeval forest⼀⽚原始森林primordial a. *①太古的,太初的,⾃原始时代的例:primordial soup原⽣浆液(地球上⽣命开始之前存在的物质、⽓体等混合物)②形式最简单的,基本的例:primordial passions最基本的情感
RNA 核糖核酸,ribonucleic acid的缩写,指存在于⽣物细胞以及部分病毒、类病毒中的遗传信息载体,将DNA携带的遗传信息转移⾄蛋⽩质中,并参与其他细胞内的化学反应
lf replicating a. ⾃我复制的
synthesized a. ①组合的,综合的 *②⼈⼯合成的
vertebrate n. 脊椎动物
长难句分析
Today the most famous lf replicating molecule is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), but it is widely thought that DNA itlf could not have been prent at the origin of life becau its replication is too dependent on support from specialized machinery, which could not have been available before evolution itlf began.
该句是⼀个由but连接的并列句。前⼀个分句较简单,主⼲为The most famous lf replicating molecule 。后⼀个分句结构复杂,嵌套了多层从句,其主⼲是it is widely ;it为形式主语,真主语是that引导的从句;becau引导了⼀个较长的原因状语从句,其中⼜嵌套了⾮限定性定语从句做 machinery 的后置定语; 介词短语后置修饰support。
语篇分析
本⽂的选材领域是⽣命科学。作者介绍了⾃我复制分⼦在⽣命起源与动物进化中的重要作⽤。它是⼀篇事理说明⽂,⼤体按照时间顺序展开介绍。全⽂总计五段,可分成三⼤部分。
全⽂的写作顺序:第⼀⾄三段主要围绕⽣命起源的关键:⾃我复制分⼦展开介绍;第四段是过渡段,指出从⾃我复制分⼦到复杂⽣物体的出现,⾃然选择发挥了关键作⽤。第五段围绕脊椎动物的进化过程展开介绍。因此作者⼤体按照时间先后顺序安排全⽂内容。
⼀、第⼀⾄三段为第⼀部分,介绍⽣命起源的关键是⾃我复制分⼦的出现。
第⼀段内容概括:前三句利⽤时间线索从地球的形成(the Earth was formed)和⽣命的兴起(life had arin),引出⽣命的起源(the origin of life)这⼀话题。第三句([G])起承上启下的作⽤,其中the two dates回指上⽂提到的两个时间;the origin of life与下⽂末句中的“关键是⾃我复制实体即基因的出现(the key was the spontaneous arising of lf replicating entities)”在内容上相呼应。末句提出了全⽂论述的对象——⾃我复制实体。
连贯性:前三句句⾸的时间状语(分别为between 5,000 million and 4,000 million years ago, by 3,000 million years ago, some time between the two dates)相互呼应,是段内句⼦间连贯性的明显体现。
第⼆段内容概括:通过介绍⽣命起源的模拟实验,说明⾃我复制分⼦出现的条件。该段内容分为两个部分。第⼀部分是前四句,围绕“⽣命起源实验”展开论述。⾸句指出了进⾏实验的条件:原始地球⼤⽓中的⽓体现在仍然存在(the atmosphere of the early Earth contained gas still abundant today)。⼆⾄四句具体介绍化学家模拟原始⼤⽓状况进⾏⽣命起源的实验(reconstructed the ancient conditions in the laboratory),包括实验的材料(gas, water, energy)和结果(organic substances are synthesized)。第⼆部分是后四句,介绍⾃我复制分⼦的出现。第五、六句推理原始地球上出现了模拟实验中发⽣的情况(something like this happened on the early Earth):原始海洋成为⽣命起源以前有机化合物汇集的地⽅(a “soup” of prebiological organic compounds)。第七、⼋句([C])转折指出,但更重要的不是有机分⼦的产⽣,⽽是⾃我复制分⼦的出现(the origin of lf replicating molecules)。末句中的lf replicating molecules与第⼀段末句中的
lf replicating entities是同⼀主题词的复现,达到语篇上下衔接。
连贯性:①同义复现关系和代词的使⽤是段内连贯性的体现。同义词复现:early与ancient;organic substances、organic compounds和organic molecules;a 与the primeval soup。第四句中the指代上⽂提到的organic substances。②
本段末句中the crucial step、lf replicating molecules分别与第⼀段末句中的the key和lf replicating
entities是同义复现关系。跨越不同段落的同义复现关系是段落间连贯性的体现。③表假设的if是句内连贯性的体现。表结果的conquently是句与句之间的衔接⼿段。第七句承上启下,保证段内句⼦间的连贯性。末句引出下⼀段对⾃我复制分⼦起源的介绍,保证段与段之间的连贯性。
第三段内容概括:介绍最初的⾃我复制分⼦以及⾃然选择法则。该段内容也分为两个部分。第⼀部分是前四句,承接上段末句内容,讨论最初的⾃我复制分⼦是什么。前两句排除DNA并分析原因(DNA itlf could not have been prent at the origin of )。第三、四句是并列关系,指出可能是RNA或其他类型的分⼦(Perhaps the related molecule RNA, or perhaps a different kind of molecule)。第⼆部分是后四句,介绍⾃然选择对于⾃我复制分⼦的作⽤。第五句([B])是过渡句,指出⾃然选择法则伴随着⾃我复制分⼦⽽出现( Darwinian natural lection could have begun);第六、七句是并列关系,说明⾃然选择法则的过程(variants that were good varieties that did not replicate or did );末句总结⾃然选择的结果是提⾼了复制分⼦的效率(ever increasing efficiency)。
连贯性:①同义词、上下义词的使⽤、关键词重复出现和呼应现象是段内连贯性的体现。DNA, lf replicating molecule,molecule, origin of life这些相关词反复出现。DNA和RNA是lf replicating molecule的同义词。replicating, replication, replicator, copying相互呼应。variant和varieties是同义词。variation与上述两个词相呼应。②转折连词but、选择连词or也是连贯性的体现。
⼆、第四段为第⼆部分,承上启下,指出动物进化过程是⾃然选择的延续。
内容概括:作者按时间先后顺序安排本段内容,对⾃然选择过程作进⼀步解释说明:它存在于⾃我复制分⼦的进化以及其后的整个⽣物进化过程中。⾸句承接上段末句内容,指出在复制分⼦的竞争(即,最初的⾃然选择过程)中,那些具有⾃我保存和迅速⾃我复制能⼒的分⼦获胜(success must have gone to the ones that )。第⼆句句⾸的the rest of evolution提⽰本句谈论的是后来的⽣物进化过程,指出它是⾃我复制分⼦⾃然选择的延续(a continuation of the natural lection of replicator molecules)。第三句谈到复杂⽣物体的出现是动物长期进化的结果(long enough to have produced complex contrivances)。
连贯性:同义复现关系、关键词重复和代词的使⽤保证了本段的连贯性。replicating molecules和replicator molecules是同义词复现;⾸句中的ones指代上⽂出现的replicating molecules;devices出现两次;第⼀句中for their own lf prervation and their own rapid replication与第⼆句中for their own prervation and reproduction也是同义复现关系。
三、第五段为第三部分,介绍脊椎动物的进化历史。
内容概括:作者按时间先后顺序,介绍脊椎动物的进化历史:最早的脊椎动物出现(the first vertebrates)→脊椎动物⼤量出现(appear abundantly)→有圆形鳍和肺的鱼出现(lobe finned and
lung bearing fish)→两栖动物和爬⾏动物出现(amphibians and reptiles)→哺乳动物和鸟类从爬⾏动物分化出来(mammals and birds)→哺乳动物的分⽀(rapid divergence of mammals),如:有袋动物、⼤象、⾷蚂动物、猴⼦等。
连贯性:按先后顺序出现的五个表时间的短语(nearly 600 million years ago, date back 530 million years, between 300 and 400 million years ago, about 250 million years ago, 65 million years ago)是段内句⼦间连贯性的体现。
试题精解
选项⼤意概括:
[A]脊椎动物中⾸先是鱼,然后是两栖动物或爬⾏动物统治⼤陆。
[B]⼀旦⾃我复制分⼦形成,达尔⽂⾃然淘汰就起作⽤了。
[C]当然在有机汤⾥出现有机分⼦还不够,关键是⾃我复制分⼦的出现。
[D]⼈类的进化只是⼀⼩部分。
[E]变异受环境的影响,有害变异通常很快消亡,因此不影响有利变异的积累。
[F]三⼗亿年是⼀段很长的时间,⾜够长来产⽣如有椎⾻的⾝体和昆⾍的⾝体这样令⼈惊异的复杂的发明。
[G]两个时间之间独⽴分⼦的出现证明⽣命起源开始。
21.\[精解\] 答案G本题考核的知识点是:上下⽂内容的衔接+句⼦之间逻辑关系。
本题空格出现在第⼀段中。上⽂提到两个时间和两个事件:⼀是五⼗亿和四⼗亿年之间地球形成;⼆是三⼗亿年以前⽣命兴起,有⽤显微镜可见的像细菌⼀样的⽣物的化⽯来证明。下⽂则谈到没有⼈知道发⽣了什么。由于上⽂给出的是确定的说法,⽽下⽂讲述的是不确定的情况,因此空格处的内容应是出现的新现象,⽽且其出现的关键是下⽂提到的理论家认为的⾃我复制单位的⾃然出现。选项[B]、[C]中虽然都出现了下⽂中的关键词lf replicating,但它们⽆法体现逻辑上的转折,即“由知道到不知道”。只有选项[G]提到了⽣命起源的概念,⽽没有具体论述,和下⽂逻辑上顺接⾃然,此外其中的some time between the two dates和上⽂的两个时间相互呼应。
22.\[精解\] 答案C本题考核的知识点是:上下⽂内容的衔接。
本题空格出现在第⼆段末,应承上启下。上⽂主要介绍了化学家们在实验室⾥创造与古代地球相同的⼤⽓和海洋,发现了有机物质的产⽣。从⽽猜测古代地球正是以这种⽅式形成了⽣命起源以前的“有机
汤”。下⽂则开始介绍⾃我复制分⼦DNA和RNA。选项[B]、[C]都提到了⾃我复制分⼦,但选项[B]出现了上下⽂都没有的新信息:达尔⽂⾃然选择理论。⽽选项[C]是过渡句,前部分承上,指出仅仅在“原始汤”⾥出现有机分⼦是不够的;后部分启下,指出关键的步骤是⾃我复制分⼦的起源。实际上这和第⼀段末的内容也相呼应:理论家们认为⾃我复制单位的出现是⽣命起源的关键。
别驾社保卡更换23.\[精解\] 答案B本题考核的知识点是:上下⽂内容的衔接+句⼦之间逻辑关系。
本题空格出现在段中。上⽂是对⾃我复制分⼦DNA和RNA的介绍,指出RNA更可能是最初的⾃我复制分⼦,当然也可能是其他种类的分⼦。下⽂指出,特别擅长复制的变异种类会⾃动地在原始“有机汤”中占主导地位。那些不复制的或不能精确复制的
变种会相对地变得⽐较少。这导致了复制分⼦的效率不断增加。选项[B]、[E]出现下⽂中的关键词variations,但选项[E]谈论环境造成变异,⽽且还提到有害变异和有利变异,根本未提及上下⽂中的lf replicating molecule。选项[B]提到达尔⽂进化⾃然选择理论,正是下⽂内容的综述。
24.\[精解\] 答案F本题考核的知识点是:上下⽂内容的衔接+时间逻辑关系。
购买水果本题空格出现在段末。上⽂提到,接下来的进化过程是复制分⼦(或称为基因)⾃然淘汰的继续:它们借助⾃我建⽴有效的部件(如:细胞和多细胞体)的能⼒来⾃我保存和复制。下⽂提到直到近六亿年
以前的寒武纪时代(the Cambrian era)才确定化⽯⼩有规模。根据化⽯证据(1999年在中国发现的“海⼝鱼”化⽯)推知最早的脊椎动物可追溯到五亿三千万年前。由⾃我复制分⼦的⾃然淘汰到第⼀种脊椎动物的出现,之间肯定是漫长的进化过程。空格处内容应弥补这个信息空⽩。选项[A]超前提出了脊椎动物,[B]停留在⾃我复制分⼦的⾃我淘汰阶段,[C]是⾃我复制分⼦的出现,[D]提到了脊椎动物以后的哺乳动物甚⾄灵长⽬动物。[G]停留在⽣命起源。只有F提到,三⼗亿年的时间⾥,动物产⽣了有椎⾻的⾝体,恰当地衔接了上下⽂。
25.\[精解\] 答案A本题考核的知识点是:上下⽂内容的衔接+时间逻辑关系。
本题空格出现在段中。上⽂提到脊椎动物的⼤量出现,下⽂提到哺乳动物和鸟类从爬⾏动物的两个分⽀中衍⽣出来。哺乳动物的迅速分⽀,⼜形成了今天我们见到的丰富的动物类型。之间有时间上的跨越。因此预测空格处应弥补这种信息上的空缺,即承接上⽂的脊椎动物的话题,⼜能够引出下⽂哺乳动物的内容。显然正确答案是选项[A],其中的reptiles在下⽂中也出现。
全⽂翻译
在距今约五⼗亿和四⼗亿年之间地球形成。到了三⼗亿年以前⽣命早已兴起,我们有⽤显微镜可见的像细菌⼀样的⽣物化⽯来证明这⼀点。在这两个时间之间的某个时候——独⽴的分⼦证据显⽰⼤约是在四⼗亿年前——神秘的事件,即⽣命的起源肯定已经开始了。([G])没⼈知道发⽣了什么,但是理
论家认为关键是⾃我复制实体(也就是⼀般意义上的“基因”)的⾃然出现。
憋尿会怎么样
原始地球⼤⽓或许包含了今天在太阳系的其他⾏星上仍然含量丰富的⽓体。化学家已经⽤实验的⽅法在实验室⾥重建这些原始的情况。如果类似的各种⽓体在装有⽔的⼀个细颈瓶中被混合,⽽且通过放电来加⼊能源(模拟了原始的闪电),有机的物质就⾃然地被合成了。这些有机物中包括RNA 和 DNA 的砌块。看起来类似的事情曾经发⽣在原始地球上。结果是,原始海洋可能变成了⽣命起源以前的有机化合物汇集的“⼀锅汤”。当然,仅仅在“原始汤”⾥出现有机分⼦是不够的。正如以上所说的,决定性的步骤是⾃我复制分⼦的起源,即能够复制⾃⾝特征的分⼦。([C])
今天最有名的⾃我复制分⼦是 DNA(脱氧核糖核酸),但⼈们⼴泛认为DNA本⾝在⽣命起源之初不可能存在,因为它的复制太依赖专门的机制的⽀持,这在进化本⾝开始之前是不可能存在的。DNA已经被描述为可能是在⽣命⾃⾝起源之后某个时间出现的“⾼科技”分⼦。也许仍然在有⽣命的细胞中扮演各种不同重要⾓⾊的相关分⼦ RNA才是最初的⾃我复制分⼦;亦或许原始的复制者是⼀种完全不同类型的分⼦。⼀旦⾃我复制分⼦偶然形成,达尔⽂⾃然选择之类的法则可能就开始发挥作⽤了:群体中会因为复制时的偶然错误⽽产⽣变异。([B])特别擅长复制的变异种类会⾃动地在原始汤中占主导地位。那些不复制的变种或不能精确复制的变种会相对地变得⽐较少。⼀种分⼦的⾃然淘汰导致复制分⼦的效率不断提⾼。
当复制分⼦之间的竞争升温时,胜利⼀定属于那些刚好使⽤特别伎俩或装备来实现⾃我保存和迅速⾃我复制的分⼦。余下的进化过程可能被视为复制分⼦(现在称为基因)借助为⾃我保存和复制建⽴有效设备(细胞和多细胞体)的能⼒进⾏⾃然选择的继续。三⼗亿年是⼀段很长的时间,⽽且似乎已经⾜够长来产⽣如有椎⾻的⾝体和昆⾍的⾝体这样令⼈惊异的复杂的发明。([F])
化⽯直到近六亿年以前的寒武纪的时代才被确定⼩有规模。依照1999年在中国发现的化⽯证据——原始的⽆颚鱼,它有鳍、腮和像鱼⼀样的肌⾁模式——第⼀批脊椎动物可追述到五亿三千万年前。在三、四亿年之间脊椎动物⼤量地出现在化⽯床中。在脊椎动物之中,⼟地⾸先被⼤约在⼆亿五千万年以前出现的长有圆形鳍和肺的鱼所占领,然后被两栖动物和更笼统地被我们称为“爬⾏动物”的各种不同类型的动物所占领。([A])哺乳动物,稍后是鸟类,从爬⾏动物的两个不同部门中分化出来。哺乳动物的迅速分⽀,形成了我们今天见到的丰富的类型,负⿏到⼤象,从⾷蚁兽到猴⼦,似乎瞬间充满了六千五百万年以前由于恐龙的悲惨灭绝⽽留下的真空世界。
备注:1999年我国科学家陈均远等⼈在昆明郊区发现的“海⼝鱼”化⽯,距今5.3亿年,它不但是地球上最早出现的鱼,⽽且是包括⼈类在内所有地球脊椎动物的最早祖先。⽐起原先被认为是脊椎动物⿐祖的⽂昌鱼,中国“海⼝鱼”把脊椎动物的起源时间向前推进了整整5000万年。美国⼀名学者将这⼀发现描述为“⼈类重塑地球⽣命史的⼀项惊⼈成就”。

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