第9章Negation（反译法）
9.1 复习笔记
In translation, negation means the formal conversion from the affirmative into the negative or vice versa, which is one of the techniques.
反译法是将肯定句译成否定句，或将否定句译成肯定句的一种形式转化。
少年厌学怎么办一、Transfer of the Negative（转移否定）
1. Transfer of the Negative from the Main Clau to the Subordinate That-Clau（把主句的否定转移到that-从句）
It is the transfer of the negative from a subordinate that-clau, where mantically it belongs, to the main clau (Quirk, 1972:789). In this ca, transferred negation is limited to tho verbs of belief or assumption, such as think, believe, suppo, expect, imagine, fancy, reckon.
在英语语法中，当主句的谓语动词是think，believe，suppo，expect，imagine，fancy，reckon等表示主观意见的词时，往往将从句的否定转移到主句，即语意上是对从句的否定，但在句法上要对主句进行否定。因此，在翻译时，要把主句的否定转移到that-从句。
2. Transfer of the Negative from the Finite Verb to the Adverbial（把谓语动词的
否定转移到状语）
When a negative ntence contains an adverbial, care should be taken that the negative word actually modifies the adverbial in meaning even if it appears to modify the verb in form.
如果一个否定句包含副词，要注意，虽然句中的否定词在形式上修饰动词，但在语意上修饰的是副词。
3. Transfer of the Negative to the Verb from Other Parts of the Sentence（把句子其他成分的否定转移到动词）
二、Conversion of the Affirmative into the Negative（肯定形式译成否定形式）
It is sometimes advisable and even necessary to convert affirmatives (often implying negation) in English into negatives in Chine due to differences in the way of thinking and in the mode of expression.
由于思维方式和表达习惯的不同，有时需要将英语的肯定句译成汉语的否定句。
Examples:
三、Conversion of the Negative into the Affirmative（否定形式译成肯定形式）
1. Conversion of English Words with Negative Prefixes or Suffixes into Affirmative Forms（把含有前后缀否定的词译成肯定形式）
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Yesterday the President gave an unprepared speech before a big audience.
昨天总统在大庭广众面前即席致辞。
党的思想路线
2. Conversion of Negative Sentences into Affirmatives（否定句译成肯定旬）
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My overcoat would not wear out.
我的大衣十分耐穿。
四、Translation of English Questions and Answers（英语问答句译法）
1. Translation of Answers to Negative Questions（回答否定问询的译法）
The same answer to negative questions is expresd differently in the two languages. care should be taken not to make a wrong interpretation.
英汉两种语言对否定疑问句的回答方式是不一样的，在翻译时要注意这一点。
Are you not prepared to do this work? 你不打算做这项工作吗？
Yes, I am. 不，我打算做。
No, I’m not. 是的，我不打算做。
2. Translation of Negative Questions（否定问句的译法）
Sometimes the negative question itlf may be translated in to Chine
affirmative.
有的时候可以将英语的否定式疑问句译为汉语的肯定式疑问句。
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Look, some bus are coming this way, don’t you e them?
瞧，有几辆公共汽车往这边开来了，你看见吗？（cf.你没看见吗？）
宝石花3. Translation of Answers to Disjunctive Questions（回答反意问询的译法）
(1) Answers to disjunctive questions with negative statements going before, wither “yes”or “no”, are expresd in the opposite way.
如果反意疑问句含有否定陈述，在翻译其答语时，先翻译“是”或“不是”，随后的内容与“是”或“不是”相反。
It’s not going to rain, is it? 不会下雨，是不是？
No.是的，不会。
Yes, it’s going to rain. 不，会下雨的。
(2) Answers to disjunctive questions with affirmative statements going before, either “yes”or “no”, are expresd in the same way as English.
如果反意疑问句含有肯定陈述，在翻译其答语时，先翻译“是”或“不是”，随后的内容与“是”或“不是”一致。
It’s a fine day, isn’t it? 天气很好，是不是？
4. Translation of Rhetorical Questions（修辞性问询的译法）
Rhetorical questions, affirmative or negative, can be translated in the same way
into Chine which often begins with“岂不”in literary style and“难道”in modern or colloquial style.
在翻译肯定形式或否定形式的修辞性疑问句时，可以用“岂不”（书面语）或“难道”（口语）开头的汉语疑问句作为译文。
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Is this the part of wi men, engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty? Are we dispod to be of the number of tho, who having eyes, e not, and having ears, hear not, the things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation? (Patrick Henry: Speech in the Virginia Convention of Delegates)
为争取自由而从事伟大而艰巨的斗争的明智人士，难道应该这样做吗？对于目前自救运动密切相关的事业视而不见、充耳不闻的人，难道我们甘心情愿与之为伍吗？
5. Translation of Indirect Negative Questions（间接否定问询的译法）
Negation can be found even in indirect questions, which in our mode of expression should be in a tone of uncertainty, such as“是否可以”，“能不能”.
一些否定词存在于间接疑问句中，表达一种不确定的语气。对于这类句子，逐字翻译会造成歧义，应译为“是否可以”，“能不能”。
I wonder if he cannot help me out of the difficulty.
我不知道他是否能帮我摆脱这个困境。
劳动仲裁申请>清炖鲤鱼的家常做法
五、Translation of Various Kinds of Negations（英语各种否定译法）
1. Partial Negation（部分否定）
When we refer to persons or things, three degrees of affirmation apply: full affirmative, partial affirmative and full negative.
当我们指人或物时，主要有三种表示肯定或否定的形式，即：全部肯定，部分肯定全部否定。
浮生六记沈复
In a simple ntence, the cas that the negative word “not”follows or precedes the words in the three categories show interesting differences.
在英语简单句中，随着否定词“not”位置的不同，原文意思也会发生相应的变化。
劳动的好处(1) “Partial affirmative + not”keeps the meaning partially affirmative:
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Some students are not here. ≈Some students are here.
直发发型不是所有的学生都来了。
(2) “Not + full negative”makes the meaning partially affirmative:
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Not all imperatives have no subjects. = Some imperatives have subjects.
不是所有的祈使句都没有主语。
(3) “Not for nothing”makes the meaning partially negative or partially
