二战后的美国作家：诗人·小说家·戏剧家·少数裔作家
I. Drama 戏剧
1. 威廉斯 Tenne Williams
Profile
原名托马斯·拉尼奥·威廉斯(Thomas Lanier Williams)。
(1911.3.26,美国 密西西比州 哥伦布～1983.2.25,纽约州 纽约市)
orig. Thomas Lanier Williams
born March 26, 1911, Columbus, Miss., U.S.
died Feb. 25, 1983, New York, N.Y.
U.S. playwright.
描写心情的四字成语The son of a traveling salesman and a clergyman's daughter, he lived in St. Louis from age 12. After attending veral colleges he graduated from the University of Iowa (1938). He first won recognition for his group of one-act plays American Blues (1939). Wider success came with The Glass Menagerie (1944) and mounted with A Streetcar Named Desire (1947, Pulitzer Prize; film, 1951), Camino Real (1953), and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955, Pulitzer Prize; film, 1958). His plays, which also include Suddenly Last Summer (1958; film, 1959) and The Night of the Iguana (1961; film, 1964), describe a world of represd xuality and violence thinly veiled by gentility. He also wrote the novel The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (1950; film, 1961) and the screenplays for The Ro Tattoo (1955, adapted from his 1951 play) and Baby Doll (1956). A clear-sighted chronicler of fragile illusions, he is regarded as one of the greatest American playwrights.
美国剧作家。12岁开始居住在圣路易。曾在几所学院学习，后毕业于艾奥瓦大学。他的独幕剧集《美国的布鲁斯》赢得“同仁剧团”奖(1939)，《玻璃动物园》(1944)获得成功，接着《欲望号街车》(1947，获普利策奖；1951年拍成电影)、《卡米诺·里尔》(1953)和《热锡皮屋顶上的猫》(1955，获普利策奖；1958年拍成电影)等剧相继搬上舞台。他的剧作还有《去夏突至》(1958；高热量食物一览表1959年拍成电影)、《可爱的青春小鸟》(1959；1962年拍成电影)和《鬣鳞蜥的夜晚》(1961；1964年拍成电影)，后者写一位被解职的牧师如何变成不称职的导游。他还写了小说《斯通夫人的罗马之春》(1950；1961年拍成电影)。作为一个目光锐利的脆弱幻象描绘者，他被视为美国最伟大的剧作家之一。
Major Works
The Glass Menagerie (1944) 《玻璃动物园》
A Streetcar Named Desire (1947) 《欲望号街车》
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955) 《热锡皮屋顶上的猫》
清华分数线2. 米勒 Arthur Miller
Profile
(1915.10.17,美国 纽约州 纽约市～2005.2.10,康涅狄格州 罗克斯伯里)
born Oct. 17, 1915, New York, N.Y., U.S.
died Feb. 10, 2005, Roxbury, Conn.
U.S. playwright.
He began writing plays while a student at the University of Michigan. His first important play, All My Sons (1947), was followed by his most famous work, Death of a Salesman (1949, Pulitzer Prize), the tragedy of a man destroyed by fal values that are in large part the values of his society. Noted for combining social awareness with a arching concern for his characters' inner lives, Miller wrote many other plays, including The Crucible (1953), which us a plot about the Salem witch trials to attack McCarthyism, A View from the Bridge (1955), After the Fall (1964), The Last Yankee (1992), and 贝多芬的名言Resurrection Blues (2002). He also wrote short stories, essays, and t
he screenplay for The Misfits (1961), which starred his cond wife, Marilyn Monroe.
美国剧作家。在密歇根大学读书期间开始写作。第一部重要戏剧是《全是我的儿子》首席信息官(1947)，接下来他写了自己最出名的作品《推销员之死》(1949英语大赛，获普利策奖)，讲述了一个名叫威利·洛曼的推销员被迫自杀的悲剧。他的戏剧具有深刻的社会意识，而且对人物的内心世界刻画入骨。他还写了许多其他剧本，包括《炼狱》(1953)、《桥头眺望》(1955)、《堕落之后》(1964)、《维希事件》(1964)、《代价》(1968)、《大主教宅邸的顶棚》(1977)、《最后一个美国人》(1992)。他还为妻子梦露写了电影剧本《不合时宜的人》(1961)。
Major Works
Death of a Salesman (1949, Pulitzer Prize)
II. Poetry 诗歌
金斯堡 Allen Ginsberg
什么牌子洗衣机好Profile
(1926.6.3,美国 新泽西州 纽瓦克～1997.4.5,纽约州 纽约市)
born June 3, 1926, Newark, N.J., U.S.
died April 5, 1997, New York, N.Y.
U.S. poet.
Ginsberg was the son of a poet. He attended Columbia University, where he met Jack Kerouac. His epic poem Howl (1956), a denunciation of the failings of American society, became the most famous poem of the Beat movement; in it and later works, largely inspir
ed by Walt Whitman, he celebrated the pleasures of psychotropic drugs, footloo wandering, and homoxuality. Kaddish (1961) is a long confessional poem about his mother's insanity and suicide. His collections include Reality Sandwiches羊卓雍措湖 (1963), The Fall of America (1972), and Mind Breaths (1978). Ginsberg's life was one of cealess travel, poetry readings, and left-wing political activity, and he was a guru of the American youth counterculture in the 1960s and '70s.
美国诗人。父亲是诗人，在哥伦比亚大学求学时认识凯鲁亚克。他的诗集《嚎叫》(1956)描述了美国社会堕落的现象，是避世运动的重要作品。无论是这部或后来的作品都受到惠特曼的影响，他赞美精神药物、无拘无束的漫游和同性恋等。《祈祷文》(1961)是一首忏悔诗，诗中哀悼其母的精神失常和自杀。他的文集有《现实三明治》(1963)、《行星新闻》(1968)、《美国的堕落》(1972)和《思想在呼吸》(1978)。金斯堡的一生就是不停地旅行、读诗和参加左翼政治活动。20世纪60和70年代成为美国青少年反传统文化中有影响的领袖人物。
Major Works
Howl (1956) 《嚎叫》
• a denunciation of the failings of American society
• the most famous poem of the Beat movement
• in it and later works, largely inspired by Walt Whitman, he celebrated the pleasures of psychotropic drugs, footloo wandering, and homoxuality. 无论是这部或后来的作品都受到惠特曼的影响，他赞美精神药物、无拘无束的漫游和同性恋等
Literary Term
Beat Generation pp190-191
Beat Generation (1950s–1960s): A group of American writers in the 1950s and 1960s who sought relea and illumination though a bohemian counterculture of x, drugs, and Zen Buddhism. Beat writers such as Jack Kerouac (On The Road) and Allen Ginsberg (Howl) gained fame by giving readings in coffeehous, often accompanied by jazz music.
Beat Movement
American social and literary movement of the 1950s and '60s.
It is associated with artists' communities in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York. Its adherents expresd alienation from conventional society and advocated personal relea and illumination through heightened nsory awareness and altered states of consciousness.
20世纪50年代和60年代美国的社会和文学运动，和圣弗朗西斯科、洛杉矶和纽约的一些放荡不羁的艺术家团体关系密切。其追随者们表达了与传统社会决裂，提倡个性解放，用提高感官觉醒和改变意识状态来获得心灵启示。
Beat poets, including Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Allen Ginsberg, Gregory Corso (1930–2001), and Gary Snyder, sought to liberate poetry from academic refinement, creating ver that was vernacular, sometimes sprinkled with obscenities, but often powerful and moving.
垮掉的一代诗人如L.弗林格蒂、金斯堡、G.柯尔索(1930～2001)和G.斯奈德等，试图把诗从学院派追求词藻华丽中解放出来。他们创作的诗句往往混乱不堪，随意掺杂一些淫秽的词句，但有些却强劲有力，富有感染力。
