乔治斯坦纳及其对翻译的阐释学解读
George Steiner was born in 1929 in Paris, France. As a prolific author, essayist, literacy critic, and philosopher, he has written extensively about the relationship between language, literature and society, particularly in light of modern history, and the impact of the Holocaust with his field primarily in comparative literature and his work as critic has tended toward exploring cultural and philosophical issues, particularly dealing with translation and the nature of language and literature.
乔治斯坦纳1929年⽣于法国巴黎，著作等⾝，在⽂学创造、语⾔评论和哲学⽅⾯均有很深造诣。他主要的研究领域为⽐较⽂学，写了⼤量关于在现代历史背景下语⾔、⽂学和社会关系，以及是⼤屠杀的社会影响⽅⾯的⽂章。在⽂学批评上，他的视⾓延伸向了⽂化与哲学，在翻译，语⾔和⽂学的本质问题上的观点独树⼀帜。
10月5日是什么星座The word “hermeneutics” originates in old Greek and its Latin spelling is “hermeneuein”, meaning to understand. In the Middle Ages, it developed into hermeneutics of theology, as it applied to the interpretation of the decrees of God and records of antiquity. Through the reformation of the Renaissance, hermeneutics, applied for mantic explanations in rhetoric and poetics, evolved into a methodology contributed by the German Romantics, Schleiermacher (1786-1834) and Dilthey (1833-1911) who interpreted various texts of historical records in their work.
Hermeneutics⼀词来源于古希腊，拉丁语的拼法为hermeneuein，意义为理解。在中世纪，这个词发展成了对神学的阐释，也就是对神旨以及历史记录的解读。经过⽂艺复兴时代的宗教改⾰，阐释学这个应⽤于修辞学和诗学上句法解释的词语，经过德国浪漫主义学派的哲学家施莱尔马赫91786-1834)和威廉.狄尔泰的努⼒，发展成为⼀种具有⽅法论意义的词汇，他们⼆⼈曾在他们的作品中对许多关于历史记录的⽂本进⾏了解读。
黑咖啡减肥正确喝法Steiner’s After Babel is the key advance of the hermeneutics of translation. The hermeneutic approach defined by Steiner is “the investigation of what it means to understand a piece of oral or written speech, and the attempt to diagno this process in terms of a general model of meaning…It gives the subject of translation a frankly philosophic aspect” (Steiner 1975:249). “Steiner’s initial focus is on the psychological and intellectual functioning of the mind of the translator, and he gives on to discuss the process of meaning and understanding underlying the translation process”( Munday 2001:163 ).His description of the hermeneutics of translation, “the act of elicitation and appropriative transfer of meaning,” is “bad on a conception of translation not as a science but as an exact art”(ibid.). The core of his description is the hermeneutic motion, reprenting the four moves of translation.斯坦纳的《巴别塔之后》是翻译阐释学的⼀个重要⾥程碑著作。他定义的阐释⽅法：研究在理解⼀篇⼝语讲话或书⾯⽂本时的意义问题，⽤⼀种意义的普通模式来解释这个过程……
从⽽翻译这门课题具有了哲学研究视⾓。”最初，斯坦纳的⾸先思考了译者思维中的⼼理和⼼智功能，进⽽研究了在翻译过程中意义和理解的形成过程。（Munday,2001:163）他对翻译的阐释学描述为：“启发⾏为以及意义的适当转换”，是“以翻译的概念不是作为⼀种科学，⽽是⼀种严谨的艺术为前提的”。他的⽂章的中⼼是阐释的运作，也就是翻译的四重性⾏为。
The nature of translation is explicated in light of hermeneutics, as Steiner approaches the act of translation in the “four-beat model of the hermeneutics motion”—“a narrative of process”—(1) initiative trust (2) aggression (or penetration) (3) incorporation (4) reciprocity or restitution (Steiner 1975: xvi).
Trust is the translator’s belief that there are meaningful ideas in the source text to be understood. “All understanding, and the demonstrative statement of understanding which is
translation, starts with an act of trust” (ibid:312). Aggression is reflected in the translator’s comprehension and expression of the source ideas, as subjectivity is unavoidable. Steiner points out, “It is Heidegger’s contribution to have shown that understanding, recognition, interpretation are a compacted, unavoidable mode of attack” (ibid: 313) “The translation invades, extracts, and brings home” (ibid: 314). 通过阐释学，斯坦纳陈述了翻译的本质。他⽤这种阐释运作的四重奏模式说明了翻
笔记本电脑风扇>冰豆浆译⾏为——“过程叙述”——（1）最初的信任（2）⼊侵（渗⼊）（3）融合（4）互补或补偿。信任就是译者相信在原⽂本中，⼀定有能够可以理解的意义。“所有的理解，以及作为翻译的对理解的外在描述，都起始于信任⾏为”。⼊侵反映在译者的理解和对原⽂思想的表达上，因为主观性是不可避免的。斯坦纳指出：海德格尔在这⽅⾯的贡献就是让我们认识到理解、认知和解释是⼀种简约、不可避免的攻击⾏为。”“在翻译中存在着侵⼊、提取和回归的过程”。
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The third move of the hermeneutic motion is the impact of meaning and form of the source.“But whatever the degree of “naturalization”, the act of importation can potentially dislocate or relocate the whole of the native structure “(ibid.:315). As Steiner analyzes, the target language and text are being transformed in the incorporative movement, which leads to enactment of reciprocity in order to restore balance to the morals of translation to compensate the loss of meaning and the violent transport (ibid.:316).
阐释运作的第三个⾏为是原⽂意义和形式的影响。“⾃然化能达到何种程度，也就是吸收引⼊的⾏为对整个本⼟体系结构具有⼲扰和重置的可能性。”斯坦纳分析道，在融合的过程中，⽬的语和⽂本都有所变形，从⽽为了平衡这种关系，保持翻译的道德，弥补意义的流失和暴⼒的迁移，就必须要进⾏互补⾏动。
In regard to the explication on the hermeneutic motion in translation, the following points are derived: understanding is the arch for meaningful ideas, which is subjective and destructive. Thus understanding is at the risk of comprehensive appropriation, and therefore results in subquent compensation.
After Babel is a theoretical monograph on translation while prenting the author’s reflections on language and culture. The author’s profound learning on language, poetics, literary criticism, and cultural history all rve for his interpretation of translational behavior. He points that language exists permanently in a dynamic change as interpretation and translation continue for human communication. He prents “penetrative insight into the act of translation, into the phenomeno-logical and philosophic aspect of this act”… (Steiner 1975: Preface to the cond edition ).在解释翻译的阐释性运作过程中衍⽣了如下的观点：理解就是寻求有意义的思想，这种需求不仅具有主观性，⽽且具有破坏性。因此，理解就存在爱新觉罗允礼
着全⾯错⽤的风险，因此就需要后续的补偿。《巴别塔之后》是⼀篇翻译专著，体现了作者关于语⾔和⽂化的思考。作者在语⾔、诗学、语⽂批评和⽂化史⽅⾯的⼴博学识，使他很好的解释了翻译⾏为。他指出，语⾔永远处于动态变化之中，⼝译和笔译都是为了⼈类的交流。他提出了⾃⼰“对翻译⾏为、以及这⼀⾏为现象逻辑和哲学⽅⾯的深邃理解”。
汉口学院分数线“After Babel postulates that translation is formally and pragmatically implicit in every act of communication, in the emission and reception of each and every mode of meaning, be it in the widest miotic n or in more specifically verbal exchanges” (ibid.:xii).“《巴别塔之后》提出，在每⼀次交流⾏为中，在每⼀次和所有的意义形式释放和接受过程中，翻译在形式和实际上都是不清楚的，不管是最⼴义的符号学还是更特指的⾔语交流中。”
Since Steiner’s proposition of the hermeneutic approach to translation, translation scholars have come to further recognition of the nature of translation in light of the philosophical hermeneutics.在斯坦纳提出翻译的阐释学⽅法之后，翻译学者开始进⼀步认识到了哲学阐释视⾓下的翻译本质。
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