翻译的定义
(11级英语笔译 张骁整理版)
一.通俗的定义
1.把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。 （ 《辞海》 ）
2. n. (1). the act or an instance of translating. (2). a written or spoken expresstion of the meaning of a word, speech, book, etc. in another language.
------ (The Conci Oxford English Dictionary)
3. An incredibly broad notion which can be understood in many different ways. For example, one may talk of translation as a process or a product, and identify such sub-types as literary translation, technical translation, subtitling and machine translation; moreover, while more typically it just refers to the transfer of written texts, the term sometimes also includes interpreting.
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----- (Dictionary of Translation Studies, Shuttleworth and Cowie 1997:181)
4. Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. Whereas interpreting undoubtedly antedates writing, translation began only after the appearance of written literature.
------ From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
二．文艺学角度的定义
文学翻译是“传达作者的全部意图即通过艺术手法 影响读者的思想、感情。
文学的翻译是用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受。 （茅盾.1984.10）
文学翻译并不是发生在真空中，当两种语言发生碰撞时，它们是在两种文化传统的背景下进行的。由于不同的文化会有不同的表达特色，所以每一种文化都存在于与另一种文化相互作用的环境中。（王宁，2006：46，48）
翻译是一种创造性的工作，好的翻译等于创作，甚至还可能超过创作。这不是一件平庸的工作，有时候翻译比创作还要困难。 （郭沫若.学翻译工作[A].翻译研究论文集（1949-1983）[C].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1984. ）
At its finest, translation has nothing to gain from the (mathematically) puerile diagrams and flow-charts put forward by would-be theoreticians. It is, it always will be, what Wittgenstein called “an exact art.”
-----------George Steiner, 2001.After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation.春天的花 Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press
人心换不来人心的感慨三．语言学角度的定义
1.卡特弗德:翻译是把一种语言（源语）的文本材料替 成另一种语言（目标语）中对等的文本材料。
2. 巴尔胡达罗夫：翻译是把一种语言的言语产物（即 话语）在保持内容方面也就是意义不变的情况下改变 为另外一种语言的言语产物（区分语言（Langue）和 言语（parole））。
3. 费道罗夫：翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内 容和形式不可分割的统一中所业已表达出来的东西准 确而完全地表达出来。
4. 奈达：从语义到风格在译语中用最贴近的自然对等语再现源语信息。袋鼠的外形特点
钱钟书名言 5.Translation is a process of “deverbalizing” and “reverbalizin”; it leads from an SLT to a TLT which is as clo an equivalent as possible and presuppos an understanding of the content an d style of the original. Translation, according to this definition, is a process which can be subdivided within itlf. It compris two main phas, a pha of masiological understanding (语义理解过程), during which the translatior analyzes the SLT for intended meaning and style, and a pha of onomasiological reconstruction（语义重构过程）during which the translator reproduces the SLT, analyzed as to content and style, while giving optimal consideration to points of communicative equivalence.
------- Wolfram Wilss，1982. The Science of Translation: Problems and Methods. John Benjamins Pub Co羊骨头的做法
人才素质测评
四、其它角度的定义
1. 翻译是把一种语言的信息 用另一种语言表达出来，使译文读者能得到原作者所 表达的思想，得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。 --------- 范仲英. 实用翻译教程. 北京：外语教育与研究出版社，1994
2.翻译是两个语言社会之间的 交际过程和交际工具，它的目的是要促进本语言社会 的政治、经济和文化进步，它的任务是要把原作中包 含的现实世界的逻辑映像和艺术映像完好无损地从一 种语言移注到另一种语言中去。 ---------- 红磡体育馆张今. 文学翻译原理. 河南：河南大学出版社，2003.
3. 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整的重新表达出来的语言活动。 -------张培基.英汉翻译教程.上海外语教育出版社.1980
4. 中国、夷、蛮、戎、狄……五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不同，达其志，通其欲，东方曰寄，南方曰象，四方曰狄鞮，北方曰译。 ---------礼记
5. The term translation has veral meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the
product (the text that has been translated) or the process ( the act of producing the translation, otherwi known as translating). The process of translation between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text (the source language or ST) in theoriginal verbal language (the source language or SL)into a written text (the target language or TL). ------ Jeremy Munday, 2001 Introducing Translation Studies Theories and Applications. London/ New York: Routledge
6. Translation is no longer a process simply between the source and the target texts with the translator alone in between, but a communicative interaction, a cross-culture event, and a whole complex of action involving team-work among experts, from the client to the recipient, whereby the translator plays his own role as experts. -------Mary Snell Hornby, 2001. Translation Studies An integrated approach. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
7. Translation is defined as translational action bad on some kind of text. The expression ‘some kind of text’ indicates a broad concept, combining verb
al and nonverbal elements, situational clues and ‘hidden’ or presuppod information. -------- Nord. C, 2001. Translation as a Purpoful Activity: Functionalists Approaches Explained.舜皇山 Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
