Designation:A960/A960M−14a
Standard Specification for
Common Requirements for Wrought Steel Piping Fittings1 This standard is issued under thefixed designation A960/A960M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the ca of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parenthes indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1.Scope*
1.1This specification covers a group of common require-ments that shall apply to wrought steel pipingfittings covered in any of the following individual product specifications or any other ASTM specification that invokes this specification or portions thereof:
Title of Specification ASTM
Designation Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought
基因的分离定律Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and
Elevated Temperatures
A234/A234M
Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless
Steel Piping Fittings
A403/A403M
Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon
Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Service
A420/A420M
Specification for Butt-Welding,Wrought-Carbon
Steel,Piping Fittings with Improved Notch Toughness
A758/A758M
Specification for As-Welded Wrought Austenitic
Stainless Steel Fittings for General Corrosive
Service at Low and Moderate Temperatures
A774/A774M
Specification for Wrought Ferritic,Ferritic/Austenitic,
and Martensitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings
A815/A815M
Specification for Heat-Treated Carbon Steel
Fittings for Low-Temperature and Corrosive Service
A858/A858M
Specification for Wrought High-Strength
Low-Alloy Steel Butt-Welded Fittings
A860/A860M 1.2In ca of conflict between a requirement of the indi-vidual product specification and a requirement of this general requirement specification,the requirements of the individual product specification shall prevail over tho of this specifica-tion.
1.3By mutual agreement between the purchar and the supplier,additional requirements may be specified(See4.1.8). The acceptance of any such additional requirements shall be dependent on negotiations with the supplier and must be included in the order as agreed upon by the purchar and supplier.
1.4The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded parately as standard.Within the text and the tables,the SI units are shown in brackets.The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore each system shall be ud independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the specification.The inch-pound units shall apply unless the“M”designation[SI]of the product specification is specified in the order.
2.Referenced Documents
2.1ASTM Standards:2
A29/A29M Specification for General Requirements for Steel Bars,Carbon and Alloy,Hot-Wrought
A234/A234M Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service
A262Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels
A370Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
A388/A388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings
A403/A403M Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings
A420/A420M Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Ser-vice
A700Guide for Packaging,Marking,and Loading Methods for Steel Products for Shipment
A751Test Methods,Practices,and Terminology for Chemi-cal Analysis of Steel Products
A758/A758M Specification for Wrought-Carbon Steel Butt-Welding Piping Fittings with Improved Notch Toughness A763Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Ferritic Stainless Steels
A774/A774M Specification for As-Welded Wrought Auste-nitic Stainless Steel Fittings for General Corrosive Service at Low and Moderate Temperatures
A815/A815M Specification for Wrought Ferritic,Ferritic/ Austenitic,and Martensitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings A858/A858M Specification for Heat-Treated Carbon Steel
1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01on Steel, Stainless Steel and Rel
ated Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.22on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting
Materials for Piping and Special Purpo Applications.
Current edition approved Nov.1,2014.Published November2014.Originally approved in1996.Last previous edition approved in2014as A960/A960M–14. DOI:10.1520/A0960_A0960M-14A.
2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm,or contact ASTM Customer Service at rvice@astm.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes ction appears at the end of this standard Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959.United States
Fittings for Low-Temperature and Corrosive Service
A860/A860M Specification for Wrought High-Strength Fer-ritic Steel Butt-Welding Fittings
A941Terminology Relating to Steel,Stainless Steel,Related Alloys,and Ferroalloys
A967Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatments for Stainless Steel Parts
A1058Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products—Metric
E165Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General Industry
E213Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Metal Pipe and Tubing
E709Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
E1916Guide for Identification of Mixed Lots of Metals 2.2Manufacturer’s Standardization Society Standards:3 MSS-SP-25The Standard Marking System of Valves, Fittings,Flanges and Unions
MSS-SP-43Standard Practice for Light Weight Stainless Steel Butt-Welding Fittings
MSS-SP-75Specification for High Test Wrought Butt-Welding Fittings
MSS-SP-79Socket Welding Reducer Inrts
MSS-SP-83Class3000Steel Pipe Unions,Socket Welding and Threaded
MSS-SP-95Swage(d)Nipples and Bull Plugs
MSS-SP-97Integrally Reinforced Forged Branch Outlet Fittings—Socket Welding,Threaded and Buttwelding Ends
2.3American Society of Nondestructive Testing:4
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
2.4ASME Standards:5
B16.9Steel Butt-Welding Fittings
B16.11Forged Steel Fittings,Socket Welding and Threaded Boiler and Pressure Vesl Code Section IX
3.Terminology
3.1Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1bar—a solid ction that is long in relationship to its cross ctional dimensions,with a relatively
constant cross ction throughout its length.(See Specification A29/A29M for definitions relating to the production of hot wrought and coldfinished bars.)
3.1.2certifying organization—the company or association responsible for the conformance of,the marking of,and the certification of the product to the specification requirements.
3.1.3fitting—a component for non-bolted joints ud in piping systems and pressure vesls.
3.1.4flange—a component for bolted joints ud in piping systems and pressure vesls.
3.1.5forging—the product of a substantially compressive hot or cold plastic working operation that consolidates the material and produces the required shape.
3.1.6Discussion—The plastic working must be performed by a forging machine,such as a hammer,press,or ring rolling machine and must deform the material to produce an esn-tially wrought structure throughout the material cross ction.
3.2Definitions—For definitions of other terms ud in this specification,refer to Terminology A941.
4.Ordering Information
4.1It is the purchar’s responsibility to specify in the purcha order all ordering information necessary to purcha the needed material.Examples of such information include but are not limited to the following:
4.1.1Quantity,
4.1.2Description offitting and nominal dimensions(stan-dard or special),
4.1.3Steel composition by grade and class designation, 4.1.4Construction,amless or welded(unless amless or welded construction is specified by the purchar,either may be furnished at the option of the supplier),
4.1.5Specification number(including the year/date of issue),
4.1.6Choice of testing track from the options listed in Test Methods A1058when material is ordered to an M suffix(SI units)product standard.If the choice of test track is not specified in the order,then the default ASTM track shall be ud as noted in Test Methods A1058.
4.1.7Supplementary requirements,and
4.1.8Additional requirements.
5.Material
5.1The material forfittings shall consist of forgings,bars, plates and amless or welded tubular products.
5.2The steel shall conform to the chemical requirements of the individual product specification and may be made from any process.
5.3Ferritic steels shall be fully killed.
5.4If condary melting is employed,the heat shall be defined as all ingots remelted from a primary heat.
6.Manufacture
6.1Forging or shaping operations may be performed by any of the methods included in the individual product specification.
6.2Hollow cylindrically shaped parts up to and including NPS4may be machined from bar or amless tubular material provided the axial length of the part is approximately parallel to the axial le
ngth of thefitting.Elbows,return bends,tees and header tees shall not be machined directly from bar stock. 6.3Fittings,after forming at an elevated temperature,shall be cooled to a temperature below the critical range under suitable conditions to prevent injury by cooling too rapidly.
3Available from Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry(MSS),127Park St.,NE,Vienna,V A22180-4602,
4Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing(ASNT),P.O.Box 28518,1711Arlingate Ln.,Columbus,OH43228-0518,www.asnt.
5Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers(ASME),ASME International Headquarters,Two Park Ave.,New York,NY10016-5990,
www.asme.
6.4All class offittings shall have the welders,welding operators,and welding procedures qualified u
nder the provi-sion of Section IX of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vesl Code except that welds from the original pipe manufacturer made without the addition offiller metal do not require such qualification.
7.Heat Treatment
7.1Fittings requiring heat treatment shall be treated as specified in the individual product specification using the following procedures:
7.1.1Full Annealing—Fittings shall be uniformly reheated to a temperature above the transformation range and,after holding for a sufficient time at this temperature,cooled slowly to a temperature below the transformation range.
7.1.2Solution Annealing—Fittings shall be heated to a temperature that caus the carbides to go into solution and then quenched in water or rapidly cooled by other means to prevent reprecipitation.
7.1.3Isothermal Annealing—Isothermal annealing shall consist of austenitizing a ferrous alloy and then cooling to and holding within the range of temperature at which the austenite transforms to a relatively soft ferrite-carbide aggregate.
7.1.4Normalizing—Fittings shall be uniformly reheated to a temperature above the transformation range and subquently cooled in air at room temperature.
7.1.5Tempering and Post-Weld Heat Treatment—Fittings shall be reheated to the prescribed temperature below the transformation range,held at temperature for the greater of1⁄2 h or1h/in.[25.4mm]of thickness at the thickest ction and cooled in still air.
7.1.6Stress Relieving—Fittings shall be uniformly heated to the lected stress relieving temperature.The temperature shall not vary from the lected temperature by more than625°F [614°C].
7.1.7Quench and Temper—Fittings shall be fully austen-itized and immediately quenched in a suitable liquid medium. The quenchedfittings shall be reheated to a minimum tempera-ture of1100°F[590°C]and cooled in still air.
8.Chemical Requirements
8.1Chemical Analysis—Samples for chemical analysis and methods of analysis shall be in accordance with Test Methods, Practices and Terminology A751for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products.
8.2Heat Analysis—An analysis of each heat of steel shall be made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of tho elements specified in the individual product specification. If condary melting process are employed,the heat analysis shall be obtained from one remelted ingot of each primary melt.The chemical analysis thus determined shall conform to the requirements of the individual product specification.Note that the product analysis(check analysis)tolerances are not to be applied to the heat analysis requirements.
8.2.1For steels ordered under product specifications refer-encing this specification of general requirements,the steel shall not contain an unspecified element,other than nitrogen for stainless steels,for the ordered grade to the extent that the steel conforms to the requirements of another grade for which that element is a specified element having a required minimum content.For this requirement,a grade is defined as an alloy described individually and identified by its own UNS or grade designation in a table of chemical requirements within any specification listed within the scope as being covered by this specification.
8.3Product Analysis—If a product analysis is performed it shall be in accordance with Test Methods,Practices,and Terminology A751.The chemical composition thus determined shall conform to limits of the product specification,within the permissible variations of Table1or Table2of this specifi
cation,as appropriate for the grade being supplied. TABLE1Product Analysis Tolerances for Low Alloy and Carbon
Steels A
Elements
Limit,or Maximum of
Specified Range,%
Permissible Variations
Over Maximum Limit or
Under Minimum Limit,% Carbon to0.010,incl0.002
over0.010to0.030,incl0.005
over0.030to0.20,incl0.01
over0.20to0.80,incl0.02
Mangane to1.00,incl0.03
over1.00to3.00,incl0.04
Phosphorus to0.040,incl0.005
over0.040to0.20,incl0.010
Sulfur to0.040,incl0.005
over0.040to0.20,incl0.010
家庭餐桌Silicon to1.00,incl0.02
over1.00to3.00,incl0.10
Nickel to1.00,incl0.03
over1.00to5.000.07
over5.00to10.00,incl0.10
over10.00to20.00,incl0.15
Chromium0.90and under0.03
over0.90to2.10,incl0.05
over2.10to4.00,incl0.07
over4.00to10.00,incl0.10
Molybdenum0.20and under0.01
over0.20to0.60,incl0.03
over0.60to2.00,incl0.05
Vanadium0.10and under0.01
over0.10to0.25,incl0.02
电脑内存占用高怎么办over0.25to0.50,incl0.03
minimum value specified,
under minimum
limit only
0.01
Columbium(Niobium)to1.50,incl0.05
Titanium to1.00,incl0.05
Aluminum to0.15,incl–0.005
+0.01
over0.15to0.50,incl0.05
over0.50to0.80,incl0.07
Lead B0.15to0.35,incl0.03
Copper to0.50,incl0.03
over0.50to1.00,incl0.05
over1.00to3.00,incl0.10
Nitrogen to0.02,incl0.005
over0.02to0.19,incl0.01
Tungsten to0.50,incl0.02
牛排怎么画over0.50to1.00,incl0.03
over1.00to2.00,incl0.05
over2.00to4.00,incl0.06
Zirconium to0.01,incl0.005
Boron to0.01,incl0.0005
A Chrome content less than4.00.
B Product analysis tolerance for lead applies both over and under to a specified range of
0.15to0.35%.
9.Mechanical Requirements
9.1Method of Mechanical Test—All tests shall be con-ducted in accordance with Test Methods and Definitions A370if the inch-pound units are specified or Test Methods A1058if the M suffix (SI Units)standard is specified.
9.2The test specimen shall reprent all material from the same heat and heat treatment load who maximum thick-ness do not exceed the thickness of the test specimen or blank by more than 1⁄4in.[6mm].
9.3One tension test at room temperature shall be made in accordance with 9.2from each heat in eac
h heat treatment load.9.3.1If heat treatment is performed in either a continuous or batch type furnace controlled within 625°F [614°C]of the required heat treatment temperature and equipped with record-ing pyrometers so that complete records of heat treatment are available,and if the same heat treating cycles are ud on the material reprented by the tension test,then one tension test from each heat shall be required,instead of one tension test from each heat in each heat treatment load in accordance with 9.2.
9.4Retest—When a retest is permitted by the product specification,it shall be performed on twice the number of reprentative specimens that were originally nonconforming.When any retest specimen does not conform to the product specification requirements for the characteristic in question,the lot reprented by that specimen shall be rejected or reworked in accordance with Section 14.
9.4.1If the results of the tension test do not conform to the requirements specified in the product specification,retests are permitted as outlined in the test methods specified herein.If the results of any tension test specimen are less than specified becau a flaw becomes evident in the test specimen during testing,a retest shall be allowed provided that the defect is not attributable to ruptures,cracks,or flakes in the steel.
9.4.2If the average impact energy value meets the product specification requirements,but one energy value is below the specified minimum value for individual specimens,a retest is permitted.The retest shall be conducted in accordance with the test methods specified herein.
9.5For the purpo of determining conformance to the product specification requirements,specimens shall be ob-tained from a finished product,or from production material that is in the same condition of working and heat treatment as the production material.10.Hardness Requirements
10.1The part shall conform to the hardness requirements prescribed in the product specification.
10.2Sampling for hardness testing shall conform to the product specification.11.Tensile Requirements
11.1The part shall conform to the tensile property require-ments prescribed in the product specification.
11.2Sampling for tensile testing shall conform to the product specification.
11.3When the dimensions of the material to be tested will permit,the tension test specimens shall be machined to the form and dimensions of the standard 2-in.gauge length tension test specimens desc
ribed in Test Methods and Definitions A370if inch-pound units are specified or the standard 62.5mm gauge length tension test specimens described in the applicable track of Test Methods A1058if SI units are specified.
11.3.1In the ca of small ctions,which will not permit taking the standard test specimen described in 11.3,the subsize
TABLE 2Product Analysis Tolerances for Higher Alloy and
Stainless Steels A
Element Upper Limit of Maximum of Specified Range,%Tolerances Over the Maximum (Upper Limit)or Under the Minimum (Lower Limit)
Carbon
to 0.010,incl
0.002over 0.010to 0.030,incl 0.005over 0.030to 0.20,incl 0.01over 0.20to 0.80,incl 0.02Mangane
to 1.00,incl
0.03over 1.00to 3.00,incl 0.04over 3.00to 6.00,incl 0.05over 6.00to 10.00,incl 0.06Phosphorus to 0.040,incl
0.005over 0.040to 0.20,incl 0.010Sulfur
to 0.040,incl
0.005over 0.040to 0.20,incl 0.010over 0.20to 0.50,incl 0.020Silicon
to 1.00,incl
0.05over 1.00to 3.00,incl 0.10over 3.00to 7.00,incl 0.15Chromium
over 4.00to 10.00,incl 0.10over 10.00to 15.00,incl 0.15over 15.00to 20.00,incl 0.20over 20.00to 30.00,incl 0.25Nickel
to 1.00,incl
0.03over 1.00to 5.00,incl 0.07over 5.00to 10.00,incl 0.10over 10.00to 20.00,incl 0.15over 20.00to 30.00,incl 0.20over 30.00to 40.00,incl 0.25Molybdenum
世界上最大的蛋糕
to 0.20,incl
0.01over 0.20to 0.60,incl 0.03over 0.60to 2.00,incl 0.05over 2.00to 7.00,incl 0.10Titanium to 1.00,incl 0.05Columbium to 1.50,incl 0.05Tantalum to 0.10,incl 0.02Copper
to 0.50,incl
0.03over 0.50to 1.00,incl 0.05over 1.00to 3.00,incl 0.10Aluminum
to 0.15,incl
−0.005+0.01over 0.15to 0.50,incl 0.05Nitrogen
to 0.02,incl入伍年龄
0.005over 0.02to 0.19,incl 0.01over 0.19to 0.25,incl 0.02over 0.25to 0.35,incl 0.03over 0.35to 0.45,incl 0.04over 0.450.05Vanadium to 0.10,incl
0.01over 0.10to 0.25,incl 0.02Cerium to 0.20,incl 0.01Tungsten
to 0.50,incl
0.02over 0.50–1.00,incl 0.03over 1.00–2.00,incl 0.05over 2.00–4.00,incl 0.06Cobalt
to 0.20,incl
0.01
A
Chrome
content 4.00or greater.
round or strip specimen shall be machined as described in the test methods being ud.The tension test specimen shall be as large as feasible.
12.Impact Requirements
12.1The part shall conform to the impact requirements prescribed in the product specification.
12.2Sampling for impact testing shall conform to the product specification.
13.Hydrostatic Test Requirements
13.1Parts manufactured under this specification shall be capable of passing a hydrostatic test compatible with the rating of the specified matching pipe of equivalent material.Such a test shall be conducted only when specified in the purcha order or when the hydrostatic test Supplementary Requirement is invoked by the purchar.
糖醋14.Rework
14.1When one or more reprentative test specimens or retest specimens do not conform to the requirements specified in the product specification for the tested characteristic,the lot of material reprented by the test specimen may be reworked according to the following requirements.
14.1.1If previously tested in the untreated condition,the product may be reworked by heat treatment,and subquently retested,in accordance with the product specification.
14.1.2If previously tested in the heat treated condition,the product may be reworked by reheat treatment,and sub-quently retested,in accordance with the product specification.
15.Surface Finish,Appearance,and Corrosion
Protection
15.1The parts shall conform to the dimensions,tolerances andfinish as specified in the purchar’s order and to the individual ASTM product specification.
15.2Thefinished parts shall be cleaned to remove all scale and processing compounds prior to thefinal surface examina-tion.The cleaning process shall not injure the surfacefinish, material properties,or the metallurgical structure.
15.2.1The surfacefinish shall allow the detection of imper-fections that can be disclod by visual inspection.
15.2.2The cleaned parts shall be protected to prevent recontamination.
15.2.2.1Exterior and interior surfaces of carbon,low,and intermediate alloy steelfittings shall have a corrosion protec-tive coating.Oil,grea,machine cutting oils,or corrosion inhibitors alone shall not be considered as meeting the require-ments of a corrosion protective coating.
15.2.2.2Stainless steel and nickel alloyfittings need not be coated.Unmachined surfaces of stainless steelfittings shall be passivated by exposure to an acid bath,or electropolished. 15.2.3Protective coatings on parts subquently subjected to socket welds or butt welds shall be suitable for welding without removal of the coating.Threadedfittings shall be capable of installation without the removal of the coating. 15.2.4When specified in the purcha order,parts may be furnished in the as-formed condition.
15.3Fittings supplied under this specification shall be examined visually.Selected typical surface discontinuities shall be explored for depth.Unless otherwi specified in the purcha order,the following shall apply.
15.3.1Fittings conforming to ASME B16.9,MSS-SP-43, and MSS-SP-95shall be free of surface discontinuities that penetrate more than5%of the specified nominal wall thickness,except as defined in15.3.3and15.3.4.Fittings conforming to ASME B16.11,MSS-SP-79,MSS-SP-83,and MSS-SP-97shall be free of surface discontinuities that pen-etrate more than5%of the actual wall thickness at the point of interest,or1⁄16in.[1.6mm],whichever is less,except as defined in15.3.4.Fittings conforming to MSS-SP-75shall be free of surface discontinuities that penetrate more than61⁄2% of the specified nominal wall thickness.
15.3.2Surface discontinuities deeper than5%of the speci-fied nominal or actual wall thickness as applicable,except as defined in15.3.3and15.3.4,shall be removed by the manu-facturer by machining or grinding to sound metal,and the repaired areas shall blend smoothly into the contour of the finishedfitting.Surface discontinuities onfittings conforming to MSS-SP-75shall be removed or repaired in accordance with the requirements of that standard.Except forfittings conform-ing to MSS-SP-75,the wall thickness at all points shall be at least the specified minimum wall thickness,or871⁄2%of the specified nominal wall thickness and the diameters shall be within the limits specified in the applicable dimensional standards.
15.3.3Surface checks(fish scale)deeper than1⁄64in.[0.4 mm]shall be removed.
15.3.4Mechanical marks deeper than1⁄16in.[1.6mm]shall be removed.
15.3.5When the removal of a surface discontinuity reduces the wall thickness below the specified minimum wall thickness at any point,thefitting shall be subject to rejection or to repair as provided in Section16,or in accordance with MSS-SP-75 forfittings conforming to that standard.
16.Repair by Welding渴开头的成语
16.1The purchar may require the supplier to submit propod weld repairs for approval by invoking the appropriate Supplementary Requirement in the purcha order.
16.2If the purchar does not require prior approval of the propod weld repairs,the repairs shall be permitted at the discretion of the supplier.All weld repairs shall be performed in accordance with the following limitations and requirements.
16.2.1The welding procedure,welders and operators shall be qualified in accordance with Section IX of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vesl Code.The composition of the weld deposit shall be compatible with the composition of the material being welded.
16.2.2Defects shall be completely removed prior to weld-ing by machining,chipping or grinding to sound metal. Removal of the defects shall be verified by magnetic particle examination in accordance with Guide E709or liquid penetrant inspection in accordance with Test Method E165,as appli-
cable.
