Aspects of constructive feedback：1. U of “I statements”instead of vague statements such as “someone said”or “other people think”; being with the intent to help versus blame Aspects of constructive feedback：2. Informing others about the link between behavior and outcomes, rather than judging character or speculating about intention.3. Highlighting specific examples of expectations or needs not being met.Aspects of constructive feedback：4. Focusing on “the here and now”; addressing specific, rather than general issues reprented by “You always/never”types of statements.】
Basics of Successful Intercultural Communication跨文化沟通成功的要诀: Intercultural AwarenessActive involvement, positive asssment, and constructive feedback Basics of successful communication: intercultural awareness, active involvement, positive asssment, and constructive feedback.
美国等移民国家文化事实上兼有现在时间取向和未来时间取向的价值观。他们虽然重视未来，但是其目光往往投注在短期的未来上面，做任何事情都希望立竿见影，对它们来说，最多一两年就要出效益，五年十年都属于太长远的规划。在跨文化商务活动中，如果某项目不能在短期内取得收益，美国人往往会放弃交易。
关于时间价值取向：“过去时间取向”的文化（中日印英法等有悠久历史文化的国家）重视传统经验，社
会主流价值倾向于保守，视社会稳定为头等大事，民众心态容易满足，社会地位升迁容易论资排辈；“未来时间取向”的文化（美国、澳大利亚、新西兰等移民国家）不喜欢立规矩，行事常不循经验，未来至上。Polychronic people have a strong tendency to build lifetime relationships whereas people from monochronic culture are accustomed to short-term relationships.
Polychronic people change plans often and easily; they are more concerned with tho who are cloly related (family, friends, clo business associates) than with privacy; they borrow and lend things often and easily; they ba promptness on the relationship;
Polychronic people: do many things at a time; are highly distractible and subject to interruptions; consider time
commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible; are high-context and already have information; are committed to people and human relationships;
Monochronic people are concerned about not disturbing others; they follow rules of privacy and consideration; they show great respect for private property and ldom borrow or lend. Monochronic people: do one thing at a time; take time commitments(deadlines, schedules)riously; are low-context and need information; are committed to the job; adhere religiously to plans; emphasize prom
ptness; are accustomed to short-term relationships.
单向计时制文化（如美国）还有一个显著特征：做事无论好坏必须有结果，工作程序简单直接，讲求即时回报，致力于在最短的时间内获取最大的收益，如无成效就会立即停止。而多向计时制文化（如日本）重视长远利益，做事不急于求成，注重来日方长，所以先建立人际关系，然后耐心等待水到渠成的时机。
在“单向计时制文化”中，人们时间观念很强，凡事必订计划，并严格按照先后次序执行。“一心一用”是单向计时制文化最大的特征，即从不在同一时间段做两件事。而“多向计时制文化”中流行“一心多用”，生意人常同时与多人预约，并就不同的事务进行商讨，这种做法会伤害单向计时制文化中的人。
这不完全是偏见，中国企业的确有此类问题。“拿来主义”已经成为一种国民价值观，这才是个真正的大问题。
过去时间取向文化重视传统和经验：中国、印度、英国等; 现在时间取向文化不为传统所束缚，强调当前利益，不大重视未来；“今朝有酒今朝醉”，某些非洲国家文化; 未来时间取向文化：不相信经验，不重视甚至蔑视传统，崇尚变革，喜新厌旧，相信“明天会更好”，美国是典型的未来时间取向国家。
Time Orientation时间取向（时间价值观）1，Past-oriented cultures 过去时间取向文化重视传统和经
验：中国、印度、英国等;2，Prent-oriented cultures现在时间取向文化，某些非洲国家文化;3，Future-oriented cultures未来时间取向文化，美国是典型的未来时间取向国家。
第六讲：时间观念与跨文化交际1，“单向计时制”(Monochronic
个人创业
Time): 美、英、加、徳等传统西方文化国家2，多向计时制”(Polychronic Time)：拉美、非洲、中东、南欧、东亚…俄国、保加利亚等国介乎两者之间
Italians are great hand movers. So are Russians and Latin Americans. Englishmen are stingy about their hand movements; they appear as more controlled and rigid in their behavior. Sometimes the body message reinforces the words. Sometimes it contradicts them. Sometimes the messages are nt with no accompanying words and we speak in body language alone. From Shakespeare’s “Thou tell’st me there is murder in mine eye,” to the musical ballad “Your lips tell me no, no, but there’s yes, yes, yes in your eyes,”the eyes have held a strange fascination for us.
Body language is more than hand movements. The eyes play a large part, too. In drama, movies, fiction, poetry, or in real life, eyes have always been accepted as a major source of communication.
Specifically, Latin America and the Mediterranean countries are high contact, the United States is moderate contact, and the Far East is low contact.
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Difference in touching behaviors are highly correlated with culture. People in high contact cultures evaluate “clo”as positive and good, and “far” as negative and bad. People in low contact cultures evaluate “clo” as negative and bad, and “far”as positive and good.
In Africa, laughter is ud by black people to express surpri, wonder, embarrassment and even discomfiture.
地支阴阳转发(1)|收藏|评论2011-12-29 17:17来自新浪微博
Nonverbal behaviors such as smile and laugh em to cut across cultural lines. But in reality, they are often found to be not universal. In Japan where people are conditioned to u the face to conceal rather than reveal their feelings, smile could just be a law of etiquette.
Nonverbal behavior plays a significant part in communication for at least three reasons: 1.Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we derive from conversations; 2.Nonverbal behavior spontaneously reflects the subconsious; 3. Nonverbal
hehavior is omni-prent.
In Japan, many people expect the caller to be the one who speaks first, and, in doing so, identifies hi
菊花枸杞茶的功效m- or herlf. But it is normal in the English speaking world for the answerer to speak first.
Cultural Differences in phone calls: Egyptians em to be unwilling to be the first to be identified. They would counter one another's greetings and demands for identification until they were able to guess each other's identity.
Telephone calls 4: A German answerer to a phone call identifies him- or herlf without being asked to do so. American callers tend to verify that they have reached the right person by saying that person's name with a rising question intonation.
A French woman would be shocked by the way Americans behaved on the phone. In some cas, when she attempted to conver with American acquaintances who answered her phone call, they would ask whom she wanted to speak with and hand the phone over without allowing her to continue.
Telephone calls: In the U.S.A. the callers apologize only when they feel they have called at an inappropriate time; they often asked for the intended addre without identifying themlves or conversing with the answerer, even when that person is known.
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Culturall differences in using modern means of communication like telephone: in France it is required that all calls begin with an apology for disturbing the answerer. They are also expected to begin the call by checking that they have reached the right number.
第八讲，gestures, a commonplace or a mystery? 小手势，大学问--浅谈非言语交际。第九讲，Shoul I keep a distance when making an acquaintance? 靠近你？远离你？空间观念与跨文化交际。第十讲，Past Vs future,“穿越历史”与追赶时间。时间观念与跨文化交际。
年关将至，高层定调再提“稳定压倒一切”，各位回忆一下Hofstede 同学对于Uncertainty Avoidance“不确定性回避”文化维度是怎么
阐释的？东方文化对不确定的东西视为洪水猛兽，是不是一切尽在咱们预料之中。
林语堂先生关于中国特权社会的论述见英文版《吾国与吾民》My Country and My People（外研社版），180－185页。
Every donation is cloly audited, data are available on public websites (v/), and you can monitor your status on the wait list at any time.以上是英文版乔布斯传关于乔布斯之死的描述。即使富贵如乔布斯，动手术也不能插队夹塞。放在中国，情形当如何？
Recipients are chon bad on their MELD score (Model for End-Stage Liver Dia), which us lab tests of hormone levels to determine how urgently a transplant is needed, and on the length of time they have been waiting.给孩子鼓励的话
There is no legal way for a patient, even one as wealthy as Jobs, to jump the queue, and he didn't. Recipients are chon bad on their MELD score (Model for End-Stage Liver Dia), which us lab tests of hormone levels to determine how urgently a transplant
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关于中美权力距离的比较：“苹果之父”死于手术延误，富贵如乔布斯也不能享有优先医疗权。参见英文版Steve Jobs, pp482-3。He was put on the wait list for a liver transplant in California, but it became clear he would never get one there
星期四讨论课增加“两种交际风格”的内容，即How-context Communication强交际语境文化和Low -context communication 弱交际语境文化。加上先前布置的“四种维度”，Prentation的范围扩大到六个话题。另外，下周上Verbal communication言语交际，提前预告。
Feminine societies阴柔倾向文化国家：瑞典、挪威、荷兰、丹麦、芬兰、智利、葡萄牙、泰国…（不完全名单）；主要价值观为人际关系和对他人及自然环境的关怀；情感至上，性别平等；宽容异端。美国文化介乎阳刚阴柔之间。
美德作文
Masculine cultures阳刚倾向文化国家：日本、韩国、中国、德国、俄罗斯、奥地利、瑞士、英国、墨西哥、阿根廷…（不完全名单）；控制欲强，要求一切行动听指挥；做事决策果断；成功之上，男权
