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A. Wallwork, English for Academic Rearch: Writing Exercis ,
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-4298-1_3, © Springer Science+Business Media New Y ork 2013 T OPIC E
NGLISH FOR RESEARCH USAGE , STYLE , AND GRAMMAR E
NGLISH FOR WRITING RESEARCH P APERS
B reaking up long ntences 15.1
C hapter 3烹饪原料
W riting paragraphs C hapter 4 H ighlighting fi n dings through
new paragraphs and short
ntences
7.9, 8.1–8.4
T here are basically four kinds of ntences. S imple (subject + verb + object): I fi n ished my paper yesterday. I nt it to the journal.
C ompound (two simple ntences joined by a conjunction, e.g. a nd, becau ): I fi n ished my paper and I nt it to the journal.
C
omplex (a simple ntence split by an intervening subordinate clau):
M y paper, which had taken twomonths to write, was rejected by the journal.
C ompound + complex: M y paper, which had taken two months to write, was rejected by the journal becau the referees said it made no contribution to the current state of the art. (29 words)
T
he simpler the ntence, the easier it is for the reader to understand. This does not mean writing ntences containing only fi v e or six words. But it does mean being aware that the last type of ntence (compound and complex) should not be ud too often and should have a limit of generally
not more than 30 words. If it is over 30 words, there is a chance that the reader will have to read it twice in order to fully understand it.
过期药品属于什么垃圾S ection 3: W riting short ntences and paragraphs
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3.1 d ividing up long ntences: 1
D ivide up the ntences into more manageable and shorter ntences that will help the reader understand the content better. Y ou may need to rearrange the word order and / or delete unnecessary words.
E xample
O RIGINAL The eds, sterilid for 3 min. in NaOCl (1% available chlo-rine) and rind with distilled water, were germinated on moist fil ter paper (Whatman No. 2) in Petri dishes and grown in the dark at 23 °C till 72 hours.
R EVISED The eds were sterilid for 3 min. in NaOCl (1% available chlorine), and rind with dis
tilled water. They were then germinated on moist fil ter paper (Whatman No. 2) in Petri dishes and grown in the dark at 23 °C.春天的话
1. U sing automatic translation software (e.g. Google T ranslate, Babel fis h,
and Systran) can considerably ea the work of rearchers when they need to translate documents thus saving them money (for example the fee they might have otherwi had to pay to a professional translator) and increasing the amount of time they have to spend in the laboratory rather than at the computer.
2. I n order to establish a relationship between document length and level
of bureaucracy in European countries and to con fir m whether
documents, such as reports regarding legislative and administrative issues, vary substantially in length from one language to another, we conducted an analysis of A, B and C.
彩蝶谷3. T he aim of our study was to asss changes in the level of tolerance of
natives of one country towards immigrants over the cour of a 50-year period in order to be able to
advi governmental agencies on how to develop strategies bad on tho countries that have been more
successful in reducing racism as already investigated in previous studies, but not in such a systematic way, and to establish correlations with data from the USA, which until now have been reported only sporadically.
4. M onolithic sorbent tip technology has proved to be ef fic ient in removing
interferences from copper and mercury salts, but it has not been tested for other materials and the recovery of proteinaceous material is often too small, giving ri to analysis problems.
5. O ur results show that the performance of the system, in terms of
throughput and delay, depends on veral factors including the frame duration, the mechanisms for requesting uplink bandwidth, and the load partitioning, i.e. the way traf fic is distributed, connections, and traf fic sources within each connection.
35 1. U sing automatic translation software (e.g. Google Translate, Babel fis h, and Systran) can
considerably ea the work of rearchers when they need to translate documents. This can save them money, for example the fee they might have otherwi had to pay to a professional translator. It can also increa the amount of time they have to spend in the laboratory rather than at the PC.
2. W e conducted an analysis of A, B and C. This was done in order to establish a relationship
between document length and level of bureaucracy. We wanted to con fir m whether or not documents, such as reports regarding legislative and administrative issues, vary
substantially in length from one language to another.
3. W e assd changes in the level of tolerance of natives of one country towards
immigrants over the cour of a 50-year period. The main aim was to be able to advi governmental agencies on how to develop strategies bad on tho countries that have been more successful in reducing racism. This aspect has already investigated in previous studies, but not in such a systematic way. The cond aim was to establish correlations with data from the USA, which until now have been reported only sporadically.语文小故事
4. M onolithic sorbent tip technology C18 has proved to be ef fic ient in removing interferences
from copper and mercury salts, but it has not been tested for other materials. Moreover, the recovery of proteinaceous material is often too small, thus giving ri to analysis
problems.
5. O ur results show that the performance of the system, in terms of throughput and delay,
depends on veral factors including the frame duration, and the mechanisms for
requesting uplink bandwidth. It also depends on the load partitioning, i.e. the way traf fic is distributed, connections, and traf fic sources within each connection.
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3.2 d ividing up long ntences: 2
T he ntences below all come from the same Introduction. Divide up the ntences into more manageable and shorter ntences. Y ou may need to rearrange the word order and / or delete unnecessary words.
1. T he aim of this study was to asss the effects of nding children away
to school at the age of eight (or earlier) and its impact on their adult life (particularly after the age of 50) and thus to reach some de fin itive
conclusions as to whether boarding schools (i.e. tho schools where children study and sleep) actually ful fil l the important educational and social roles that they claim to have.
2. P eople who have attended boarding schools often have no realisation of
the effect that leaving their parents at a very young age has had on their emotional development becau the signs of this effect generally do not become suf fic iently apparent until middle age and are often due to a kind of subconscious repression which is why such subjects do not
make the connection between their current levels of over-emotiveness and their childhood lack of parental affection.
3. Q uestionnaires were nt to 5000 ex-boarding school adults with an age
ranging between 40 and 60 all of whom had previously given permission to access their medical records and all of whom were or had been
married, with the purpo of tting up a databa of subjects’
respons regarding their school time experiences and their
experiences now as adults.
4. A substantial increa in nsitivity to emotional situations characterizescad分段
the fir st stages of adult life leading to a possible uncontrolled relea of anger or apparently unexplained feelings of anxiousness that appear to come from nowhere and may last for veral days thus making life quite dif fic ult not only for the subjects themlves but also for tho living
around them.
祈祷歌词完整版5. T reatments for the subjects are often very expensive and technically
dif fic ult, and their effectiveness very much depends on the willingness of the subject to undergo therapy and on the degree of stress, emotional disturbance and marital discord that they had experienced.
37 1. T he aim of this study was to asss the effects of nding children away to school at the
河北考试院官网age of eight (or earlier) and its impact on their adult l ife, particularly after the age of 50.
The ultimate objective was to reach some de fin itive conclusions as to whether boarding schools (i.e. tho schools where children study and sleep) actually ful fil l the important educational and social roles that they claim to have.
2. P eople who have attended boarding schools often have no realisation of the effect that
leaving their parents at a very young age has had on their emotional d evelopment. This is becau the signs of this effect generally do not become suf fic iently apparent until middle age and are often due to a kind of subconscious r epression. In fact this delayed reaction is why such subjects do not make the connection between their current levels of over-emotiveness and their childhood lack of parental affection.
3. Q uestionairres were nt to 5000 ex-boarding school adults with an age ranging between
40 and 60. All subjects had previously given permission to access their medical records,
and a ll were or had been m arried. The aim was to t up a databa of subjects’
respons regarding their school time experiences and their experiences now as adults.
4. A substantial increa in nsitivity to emotional situations characterizes the fir st stages of
adult l ife. This increa leads to a possible uncontrolled relea of anger or apparently unexplained feelings of a nxiousness. Such feelings appear to come from nowhere and may last for veral d ays. Conquently life may be made quite dif fic ult not only for the subjects themlves but also for tho living around them.
5. T reatments for the subjects are often very expensive and technically d if fic ult. Their
effectiveness very much depends on the willingness of the subject to undergo t herapy.
The effectiveness also depends on the degree of stress, emotional disturbance, and marital discord that they had experienced.
