落堕市安心阳光实验学校2014高考英语阅读理解精品训练（22）及答案解析
(2011·南京二模，D)
In 1890 William James, the American philosopher and physician and one of the founders of modern psychology, defined psychology as “the science of mental life” and this definition provides a good starting point for our understanding even today. We all have a mental life and therefore have some idea about what this means, even though it can be studied in rats or monkeys as well as in people and the concept remains difficult to understand.
Like most psychologists, William James was particularly interested in human psychology，which he thought consisted of certain basic elements: thoughts and feelings, a physical world which exists in time and space，and a way of knowing about the things. For each of us, this knowledge is primarily personal and private. It comes from our own thoughts ，feelings and experience of the world, and may or may not be influenced by scientific facts about things. For this reason, it is easy for us to make judgements about psychological matters using our own experience as a standard. We behave as amateur psychologists wh
en we offer opinions on complex psychological phenomena. However, problems ari when two people understand the things differently. Formal psychology attempts to provide methods for deciding which explanations are most likely to be correct, or for determining the circumstances under which each applies. The work of psychologists helps us distinguish between inside information，which is subjective, and may be prejudiced and unreliable, and the facts：between our predictions and what is“true” in scientific terms.
建国大业台词Psychology, as defined by William James, is about the mind or brain, but although psychologists do study the brain, we do not understand nearly enough about its workings to be able to comprehend the part that it plays in the experience and expression of our hopes, fears, and wishes，or in our behaviour during experiences as varied as giving birth or watching a football match. Indeed, it is rarely possible to study the brain directly. So, psychologists have discovered more by studying our behaviour, and by using their obrvations to obtain hypothes(假设) about what is going on inside us.
本文主要讲述的是对心理学这一概念的定义和理解。
13．The first paragraph is mainly about ________.
A. the founder of modern psychology B. the definition of psychology税收征收管理法
气旋风暴
C. the complexity of psychology正气丸 D. the influence of psychology
答案：B。主旨大意题。由首段首句中的“...defined psychology as‘the science of mental life’．..”和尾句中的“the concept remains difficult to understand”可知本段主要说的是心理学的定义，故选B。
14．From Paragraph 2, we can know that problems ari becau ________.
A. of the difference between inside information and the facts
B. of different thoughts and feelings about psychology
C. people usually make judgements bad on their own ideas
D. amateur psychologists cannot u scientific terms
答案：C。事实细节题。总览第2段中的内容可知，问题的出现是由于人们通常是基于自己的想法作出判断，因而会见仁见智，故选C。
15．According to the passage, psychologists study the brain mainly________.
A. in a direct way 惠贵人 蝶B. with their own experience
C. by obrving how it works D. by watching people's behaviour做梦掉牙是怎么回事
素炒圆白菜答案：D。事实细节题。由第3段尾句“So，psychologists have discovered more by studying our behaviour，and by using their obrvations to obtain hypothes about what is going on inside us.”可知D项正确。
16．Which of the following can be the first ntence in the fourth paragraph?
A. Psychology is also about the ways people u their mental abilities to operate in the world around them.
B. William James is considered to be the greatest psychologist in the 1890s.
C. Psychology suggests that living beings adapt to a changing environment so that they can survive.
D. It is important for psychologists，as well as ordinary people，to be aware of the reasons.
答案：A。推理判断题。从语篇结构可知，第1段引出心理学的概念，第2段谈论心理学的构成要素以及就同一问题产生歧义的原因，第3段说的是研究心理学的方法是研究人的行为，按行文逻辑推理第4段应该是谈论心理学也是关于人们把脑力应用到他们周围的世界的方式。故选A。
(2011·江西九校联考，E)
Being sociable looks like a good way to add years to your life. Relationships with family, friends, neighbors，even pets, will all do the trick, but the biggest longevity (长寿) boost ems to come from marriage or an equivalent relationship. The effect was first noted in 1858 by William Farr，who wrote that widowers(鳏夫) were at a much higher risk of dying
than their married peers. Studies since then suggest that marriage could add as much as ven years to a man's life and two to a woman's. The effect holds for all caus of death，whether illness, accident or lfharm.
Even if the odds are stacked against you, marriage can more than compensate. Linda Waite of the University of Chicago has found that a married older man with heart dia can expect to live nearly four years longer than an unmarried man with a healthy heart. Likewi, a married man who smokes more than a pack a day is likely to live as long as a divorced man who doesn't smoke. There's a flip_side，however，as partners are more likely to become ill or die in the couple of years following their spou's death，and caring for a spou with mental disorder can leave you with some of the same vere problems. Even so, the odds favour marriage. In a 30year study of more than 10,000 people，Nicholas Christakis of Harvard Medical School describes how all kinds of social networks have similar effects.
