How to Write an Abstract
What is an abstract?
An abstract is a brief, accurate, and comprehensive summary of the contents of the article without added interpretation or criticism. A well-written abstract will make the reader want to learn more about your rearch, read your paper, or attend your prentation. Abstracts also rve as a summary of the rearch so the paper can be categorized and arched by subject and keywords. There are different ways to summarize rearches in various fields in the arts, sciences, humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering.
How does an abstract appeal to such a broad audience?
The audience for this abstract covers the broadest possible scope--from expert to lay person. You need to find a comfortable balance between writing an abstract that both shows your knowledge and yet is still comprehensible--with some effort--by lay members
of the audience. Limit the amount of technical language you u and explain it where possible. Always u the full term before you refer to it by acronym. Remember that you are yourlf an expert in the field that you are writing about--don't take for granted that the reader will share your insider knowledge. Even if you get ud to prenting ideas to people who speak your “language,” it’s unlikely that when it comes time to get funding or publish, you will need to speak beyond tho disciplinary boundaries.
What should the abstract include?
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1. Motivation or Statement of Problem: Why do we care about the problem and the results? What problem are you trying to solve? This ction should include the importance of your work, the difficulty of the area, and the impact it might have if successful.
2. Methods or Approach: What did you actually do to get your results? Did you analyze three plays, interview 125 students, write a memoir, invent a more powerful photovoltaic cell, or translate a book? Did you approach your subject using a specific theoretical frame
work, technical procedure, or methodology?
3. Results or Product: As a result of completing the above procedure or investigation, what did you learn, create, or invent?
4. Conclusions or Implications: What are the implications of your answer? Tell to the reader if it is going to change the world, be a significant step forward or simply rve as a road sign indicating that this path is a waste of time (all of the results are uful). State also if your results are general or specific to particular ca.
What characteristics of a good abstract?
1. An abstract should reflect correctly the objectives and contents of the article. Do not include information that does not appear in the body of the article in the abstract. If the investigation extends or replicates previous rearch, it must be recorded in the abstract, with a brief citation of the author (initials and family name) and year. It is suggested that the author compare the abstract with the outline of the article’s headings in order to verify the accuracy of the abstract.
2. Self-contained: Define all unique terms, abbreviations (except units of measurement), and acronyms in the abstract. Include names of the authors (initials and family name) and dates of publication in citations of other publications (and give a full citation in the list of references). If the article does not have a parate Keywords ction, embed them in the abstract as this will enhance the readers’ ability to find them; this will also help in indexing.电器销售
3. Conci and specific: Each ntence should be as informative as possible, especially the lead ntence. Make it brief. The total length of the abstract should not exceed 120 words, in one paragraph, if possible. Begin the abstract with the most important information but do not repeat the title. It may include the purpo of the investigation, the results and conclusions, or whatever is the most important to inform the readers.
4. Coherent and readable: Write clearly. Here are some suggestions as to write clearly:
U verbs rather than the noun equivalents.
U the active rather than the passive voice, but without personal pronouns.
U the prent ten to describe results without continuing applicability or conclusions drawn.际恒
U the past ten to describe specific variables manipulated or tests applied.
U the third rather than the first person.
How do we go about writing the abstract?
1. Review your original article. Outline its main themes and highlights to u for your abstract.
2. Write a rough draft. Summarize the article using new words. Don't copy and paste from the original! This rough draft should be longer than your finished product so you can delete unnecessary words. Let yourlf brainstorm while you edit.
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3. Re-read your original article and try to pinpoint any concepts you could u as keywords for an Internet arch. Headings, titles or table of contents are usually good sources of keywords.
4. Write an introductory ntence. This will be a statement of purpo for your article. It should introduce your central concept.
千年寒冰5. 丁克舅舅Write the body. This will be a brief description of the subject matter, roughly one or two paragraphs. Embed keywords into the first 20 words of the body. Make them inconspicuous so they don't break the reader's concentration.
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