OPRA Occupational Pensions Regulatory Authority 英国职业养老金监管局1991年爆发了震惊英伦的“麦克威尔事件” ，使学术界和英国政府认识到，由于雇主和受托人拥有太多的自由裁量权，计划成员的利益安全受到严重威胁，必须建立专门的监管机构。为此，英国议会通过了《1995年养老金法案》，并成立了职业养老金监管局（Occupational Pensions Regulatory Authority, Opra）。
报告的范文英国职业养老金监管体制的发展过程可以概括为“一个核心、两次转变、三个阶段”。一个核心是指信托制度。两次转变，一是养老金监管从协议退出计划的配套工作转变为独立工作，二是养老金监管从被动反应模式转变为积极主动模式。第一阶段是1958到1995年之前，第二阶段是1995年到2004年之间，第三阶段是2004年至今，其分水岭即为两部法案，《1995年养老金法案》和《2004年养老金法案》，这两部法案也标志着两次转变。
The Pensions Regulator is a non-departmental public body which holds the position of the regulator of work-bad pension schemes in the UK. Created under the Pensions Act 2004, the regulator replaced the Occupational Pensions Regulatory Authority(OPRA) from 6 April 2005[1] and has wider powers and a new proactive and risk-bad approach to regulation.
OSFI Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions 加拿大金融机构监管署The Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions(OSFI) is an independent agency of the Government of Canada
reporting to the Minister of Finance created "to contribute to public confidence in the Canadian financial system". [1] It is the sole regulator of banks, and the primary regulator of insurance companies, trust companies, loan companies and pension plans in Canada.
In 1996,Bill C-15 receives Royal Asnt stress the importance of early intervention to achieve OSFI's objectives and establishes the basis for OSFI's mission, objectives, priorities and strategies.
OTS Office of Thrift Supervision 美国储蓄机构监管署
美国国会于1989年8月9日通过1989年金融机构改革、恢复、与执法法案（Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989），同时也创立OTS做为财政部下的一个机构。OTS不由国会拨款来维持运作，而由它所管理机构的估值来支付年度预算。
The OTS was a United States federal agency under the Department of the Treasury that chartered, supervid, and regulated all federally chartered and state-chartered savings banks and savings and loans associations. It was created in 1989 as a renamed version of another federal agency (that was faulted for its role in the savings and loan crisis).
PBOC People’s Bank of China 中国人民银行
中国人民银行根据《中华人民共和国中国人民银行法》的规定，在国务院的领导下依法独立执行货币政策，履行职责，开展业务，不受地方政府、社会团体和个人的干涉。
1948年12月1日，在华北银行、北海银行、西北农民银行的基础上合并组成中国人民银行。中国人民银行根据《中华人民共和国中国人民银行法》的规定，在国务院的领导下依法独立执行货币政策，履行职责，开展业务，不受地方政府、社会团体和个人的干涉。
甜酒The PBOC was established on December 1, 1948, bad on the consolidation of the Huabei Bank, the Beihai Bank and the Xibei Farmer Bank.
The PBOC is the central bank of the People's Republic of China with the power to control monetary policy and regulate financial institutions in mainland China. The People's Bank of China has more financial asts than any single public institution, and is cond
only to the Federal Rerve System of the United States in terms of overall central bank asts.
PCAOB Public Company Accounting Oversight Board 上市公司会计监管委员会美国公众公司会计监督委员会（PCAOB）是会计行业的自律性组织，它由PCAOB不同会员事务所的会计师组成，这些会计师要为PCAOB中的其他会员事务所进行年检。水瓶座头像
酷吏张汤
美国公众公司会计监督委员会是在安然丑闻后的萨班斯法案催化下的产物。PCAOB是一家私营的非盈利机构，根据2002年的《萨班斯·奥克斯利法案》创立，目的是监督公众公司的审计师编制信息量大、公允和独立的审计报告，以保护投资者利益并增进公众利益。该委员会的主要资金来源于公众公司。处理和复核会计师事务所的注册申请的成本由此类事务所缴纳的申请费用来支付。
馒头花卷
The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board(PCAOB) is a private-ctor, nonprofit corporation created by the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 to overe the audits of public companies and other issuers in order to protect the interests of investors and further the public interest in the preparation of informative, accurate and independent audit reports.
PIA Personal Investment Authority 英国私人投资管理局
PIOB Public Interest Oversight Board 公共利益监督委员会
The Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOB) was established in February 2005 to ensure that international auditing and assurance, ethics, and education standards for the accountancy profession are t in a transparent manner that reflects the public interest. PSD Payment of Services Directive 支付服务指令
The Payment Services Directive(PSD) is an EU Directive, administered by the European Commission (Directorate General Internal Market) to regulate payment rvices and payment rvice providers throughout the European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA). The Directive's purpo was to increa pan-European competition and participation in the payments industry also from non-banks, and to provide for a level playing field by harmonizing consumer protection and the rights and obligations for payment providers and urs.
The final adopted text of PSD went into force 25 December 2007
RFS Registry of Friendly Societies 英国互助协会注册所
The Registrar of Friendly Societies is responsible for the asssment and registration of applications and any subquent amendment of rules which societies are obliged to render to the Registrar, and to ensure that registered societies meet their statutor y obligations with regard to filing returns, which once registered are made available for inspection by the public.
ROSC Report on the Obrvance of Standards and Codes （国际货币基金组织/世界银行发布的）标准与规则合规报告
The ROSC was developed in the wake of the financial cris of the late 1990s as par t of a ries of measures to strengthen the international financial architecture.
ROSC is a joint World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) initiative that helps member countries strengthen their financial systems by improving compliance with internationally recognized standards and codes.
SEC Security and Exchange Commission 美国证券交易委员会
千金止带丸
根据《1934年证券交易法》于当年成立的美国联邦政府专门委员会，旨在监督证券法规的实施。委员会由五名委员组成，主席每五年更换一次，由美国总统任命。
The SEC was established on 26 Oct 1936 by virtue of the Commonwealth Act No. 83 or the Securities Act.
Its major functions included registration of curities, analysis of every registered curity, evaluation of the financial condition and operations of applicants for curity issue, screening of applications for broker's or dealer's licen and supervision of stock and bond brokers as well as the stock exchanges.
SESC Security and Exchange Surveillance Commission 日本证券交易监察委员会In 1992,the SESC was established within the ambit of the Ministry of Finance for the purpo of ensuring fair transactions in both curities and financial futures markets and maintaining the confidence of investors in the markets.
The SESC is determined to handle issues that need to be addresd in a timely manner by constantly keeping an eye on such market trends and collecting/analyzing information with even greater nsitivity.
SEPA Single European Payments Area 单一欧洲支付区
The Single Euro Payments Area(SEPA) established on 2009，is a payment-integration initiative of the European Union for simplification of bank transfers denominated in euro.
SEPA will enable customers to make cashless euro payments to anyone located anywhere in the area, using a single bank account and a single t of payment instruments.
SI Systematic Internalizer 系统性内部管理者
烈火干柴Systematic Internalizers are trading venues alternative to bi-lateral regulated markets.
A Systematic Internalizer determines a direct link between customers and investment firm. The activity of Systematic Internalizing is rerved to investment firms, banks and market management companies.
SIB Securities and Exchange Surveillance Commission 英国证券与投资委员会The SESC was formally established on July 20, 1992.The SESC is a Japane commission which comes under the authority of the Financial Services Agency.It is responsible for “ensuring fair transactions in both curities and financial futures markets.”Its current cha irman is Kenichi Sado, who assumed the post in July 2007.
SRO Self-Regulatory Organization 自律组织
The SRO was established by the Federal Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
A lf-regulatory organization(SRO) is an organization that exercis some degree of regulatory authority over an industry or profession.
The ability of an SRO to exerci regulatory authority does not necessarily derive from a grant of authority from the government.
UCITS Undertakings for Collective Investments in Transferable Securities（EU）欧盟可转让证券集合投资事业
The Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities Directive established on 2009,is a consolidated EU Directive,[1] that allows collective investment schemes to operate freely throughout the EU on the basis of a single authorisation from one member state. EU member states are entitled to have additional regulatory
requirements for the benefit of investors.
WFE World Federation of Exchange 世界交易所联合会
The World Federation of Exchanges(WFE), formerly the Federation Internationale des Bours de Valeurs(FIBV), or International Federation of Stock Exchanges, is the trade association of 64 publicly regulated stock, futures, and options exchanges. Its market operators are responsible for operating the key components of the financial world. It is bad in London, United Kingdom.
WTO World Trade Organzation 世界贸易组织
The WTO is an intergovernmental organization which regulates international trade. The WTO officiall
y commenced on 1 January 1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 123 nations on 15 April 1994, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948.
永不放弃英语
The WTO deals with regulation of trade between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements, which are signed by reprentatives of member governments[6]:fol.9–10and ratified by their parliaments.
