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Lecture 2 & 3

General Knowledge of Chemistry

Index

Chemistry Glossary

述职报告结尾Atoms

Compounds

Elements

Formulas

Molecules

Periodic Table

Acids and Bas

Gas

Ions

Liquids

Solids 晚安表情

Mixtures

Physical and Chemical Changes

An Introduction

Chemistry is the science of matter - what matter is like, what makes up matter, what changes occur in matter, what caus tho changes. It is key to all the other sciences and a part of every aspect of our world.

Chemistry Glossary

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Word	Definition
adhesion	the force or attraction that holds two parate objects together.
alloy	a mixture of metals
anion	an ion with a negative charge.
atom	The smallest particle of an element.
atomic mass/weight	the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
atomic number	the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom as well as the number of electrons in a neutral atom.
boiling point	temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas.
brittleness	the property of matter that is how easily the substance breaks or shatters when force is applied to it.
档案室工作总结catalyst	a substance that helps along a chemical reaction or change without being changed itlf.
cation	an ion with a positive charge.
chemical bonds	the process by which atoms combine to form molecules.
chemistry	The science of matter and the changes in matter.
cohesion	the attraction that holds together the molecules within one substance.
colloid	a mixture in which the substance is split into tiny particles and spread within a cond substance.Examples include smoke and fog.
compound	a substance made up of two or more elements that are combined chemically.
concentration	the amount of a solvent compared to the solute in a solution.
contract	to become smaller, clor together
density	thickness of a substance
diffusion	when a substance spreads out within another substance as when a solute spreads out within a solvent in a solution, sometimes unevenly.
dissociation	paration of a substance into atoms or ions.
ductility	property of a metal in which it can be stretched without breaking.
elasticity	the ability of a substance to be stretched and then to return to its original shape.
electricity	a form of energy coming from charges.
electron	a particle of the atom that has a negative charge. The electron is not a part of the nucleus, but moves around in an orbit around the nucleus.
element	a substance made of one kind of atom that cannot be broken down chemically.
endothermic reaction	When heat is given off curing a chemical reaction.
energy	the ability to do work or make change.
evaporation	changing of a liquid to a vapor at any temperature below its boiling point.
exothermic reaction	When heat is absorbed during a chemical reaction.
formula	tells what chemicals a compound is made up of
hardness	property of matter that determines how easily the substance can be scratched.
heat	a form of energy marked by differences in temperatures
inorganic chemistry	the study of chemical elements and compounds except for carbon.
ion	an atom or group of atoms that have a net electrical charge
isotope	atoms with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.
light	visible electromagnetic radiation
liquie	a state of matter that has a definite size or volume but not a definite shape.
malleability	the property of a metal that allows it to be hammered, rolled, presd or forged.
melting point	the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid.
mixture	veral substances put together that can be easily parated by physical means.
molecule	the smallest particle of a substance that still is that substance.
nucleus	the center of the atom consisting of the proton and neutron.
neutron	a particle in the center of the atom with no charge.
organic chemistry	the study of the compounds of carbon.
periodic table	A chart of all the elements arranged by atomic number.
periodic table	chart of the elements arranged in columns and rows according to the increasing atomic numbers. 爱尺有纱
property	a characteristic of matter such as color, density, brittleness, etc..
proton	a particle in the center of the atom that has a positive charge.
radioactivity	the breakdown or decay of the nucleus of an atom by by the emission or giving off of particles.
solution	a mixture of two or more in which two or more materials are dissolved in another material.
sound	a disturbance that travels through air, land, water that can be heard.
sublimation	the changing of a gas directly to a solid.
suspension	similar to a solution, but the particles within the suspension can be en by the naked eye.
temperature	measure of how warm or cold a substance is.
tensile strength	the resistance of a substance to any force ud to tear it apart.

Atoms

孕妇能吃当归吗An atom is the smallest particle of an element that still is that element.

The atom is made up of veral parts. It has a center part called the nucleus. The nucleus is made up of a positively charged particle called a proton and a particle that does not have a charge called a neutron. The nucleus is surrounded by negatively charged particles called electrons that move in orbits around the nucleus. Most of the mass of the atom is contained in the nucleus and the mass of the proton and neutron are about the same. However, the nucleus is a small portion of the total amount of space the atom takes up. Different types of atoms can be identified by the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons they contain and their atomic mass.

Atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.

The negatively charged electrons are very light in mass. An atom is described as neutral i

f it has an equal number of protons and electrons or if the number of electrons is the same as the atomic number of the atom. The electrons that are outermost can combine with other atoms by giving up or taking on electrons. This can cau atoms to have an electrical charge and the kinds of atoms are called ions. Atoms can also share electrons and this is called a chemical bond.

The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons it has. The atomic weight or mass of the atom is the total number of protons and neutrons in the atom's nucleus.

Compounds

A compound is a substance made up of two or more elements combined chemically. This combination is similar to a recipe for a desrt in which one combines the different ingredients in specific amounts to one another to create a delicious treat!

Compounds are made up of elements which are a kind of atom or of a combination of compounds. When they are combined chemically, it is very difficult to parate out the diff

erent elements just as it is very difficult once a cake is baked to parate out the eggs, flour, sugar and other ingredients.

Compounds often have common names such as water or salt - but are also named by their formula which tell what elements make up the compound and in what proportion. For example, the smallest bit of water, a molecule of water, is made up of two hydrogen atoms for every one oxygen atom. A formula is similar to a very preci recipe for a compound.

Compounds are made up of many, many molecules of that compound.

Elements

An element is made up of one kind of atom and cannot be broken down into any simpler substance chemically. To break down an element would take much more sophisticated means. This would break the element down into subatomic particles.

Elements have both physical and chemical properties. Physical properties of elements ar

e color, density (how thick the element is), how much it might conduct electricity and heat as well as the boiling and melting points.

Elements are often classified by the properties into groups called families. One t of groupings is whether the elements are metals, non-metals or metalloids. Other groups include the inert gas, halogens, and alkali metals.

经典菜谱All the elements are arranged on the Periodic Table of the Elements, starting with tho with the smallest atomic weights to tho with the largest. They are also arranged in columns within the table with tho having similar properties being in the same column.

Each element has its own symbol consisting of one or two letters.

Formulas

Formulas tell what makes up a compound. They show a chemical reaction and are written like a math equation. The smallest particle of a compound would be a molecule of that compound.

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