英国文学PART6
1.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)：Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late19th and early20th centuries.It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between1875and1920to apply the methods of realistic fiction or the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.Realistic writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.The critical realists, however,did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they know so well.They did not realize the necessity of changing the bourgeois society through conscious human effort. Their words do not point toward revolution but rather evolution or reforming.They often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeois world in their works,but their novels usually have happy ending or an important compromi at the end.
2.Gothic Novel(哥特式小说)：Gothic Novel is a type of romance very popular late in the18th century and at the beginning of the19th century.Gothic Novel emphasizes things which are grotesque,violent,mysterious,supernatural,desolate and horrifying.Gothic,originally in the n of“medieval,not classical”.with its description of the dark,irrational side of human nature,Gothic Novel has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period.
3.The People Charter(人民宪章)：In the Charterist Movement,the leaders drafted out their own creeds in1837in which the workers formulated their political demands.In February the London Workingman’s Association drew up a petition to Parliament,in which were put forward this six points.The six points were later called“The People’s Charter”.
作家作品
1.Austen.Jane简.奥斯丁
She was a woman novelist of the18th-century,though she lived mainly in the19th century for her works show clearly her firm brief in the predominance of reason over passion,the n of responsibility,good manners and clear-sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.
Pride and Prejudice
分英语Pride and Prejudice,which was originally drafted as First Impressions,mainly tells of the love story between a rich,proud young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizabeth Bennet.In this novel,Darcy stands for Pride and Elizabeth reprents Prejudice.In the end
fal pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved.
2.Charlotte.Bronte夏洛蒂.勃朗特
She is one of the three Bronte sisters.Her works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards lf-realization,about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love,understanding and a full happy life.All her heroines’highest joy aris from some sacrifice of lf or some human weakness overcome.Charlotte’s four novels are,to different agrees,bad on her own experience and feelings and the life around her.Firstly,she expos the cruelty,hypocrisy,inequality and other evils of the upper class and on the other hand,she shows the miry and suffering of the poor and thus prents a vivid realistic picture of the English society.Secondly,she mainly writes from an individual perspective and puts her own feelings into her main characters.Thus she is a subjective writer,tending to write about themlves and to recreate a world of their life and experience. Thirdly,there is an inten love for the beauty of nature and she has an obvious contempt for worldly ambition and success for she believes only in hard-work,lf-discipline and high intelligence.In Charlotte’s wors,it is easy to find that her writing is marked by an intensity of a volcanic imagination and fiery passions.
Jane Eyre简.爱
Jane Eyre is Charlotte’s masterpiece,and also one of the most popular and important novels for the Victorian Age.It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing he religious hypocrisy of charity institutions such as Lowood School.It traces the passionate love between Jane Eyre and Rochester.The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine,Jane Eyre.Jane Eyre is an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved,a poor,plain,little governess who dares to love her master,a man superior to her in many ways,and even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him.In the novel Charlotte shapes a completely new woman image,a woman with the spirit of independence and lf-dignity. The novel is a song of women’s struggle for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.
Charlotte gives us realistic pictures of the social life of the19th century in her novels.Its social criticism is vividly depicted and sharply prented.As the first manifestation of the
awakening of the exploited and maltreated woman,the book is perceived as a reprentative work of feminist writings,i.e,works reflecting the experience and defending the interest of the weaker x.
2.Emily.Bronte艾米丽.勃朗特
Emily.Bronte,a poet and novelist,profoundly metaphysical and original,mainly on the subjects of courage,compassion,and the mysterious workings of the cosmos.She is viewed as the most gifted of the three sisters.
Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄
Wuthering Heights is a morbid love story between Catherine and Heathcliff.It is also the story between two families.Wuthering is York shire dialect for“weathering”.The novel is a bitter attack on the bourgeois marriage system under which the pure love between the hero and herine is destroyed by class prejudice funded on wealth.
4.Charles.Dickens查尔斯.狄更斯
He is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age.His works are intended to expo and criticize all the poverty,injustice,hypocrisy and corruptness of the19th century England,particularly London.The greatness of Dickens is of peculiar kind.He is on the one hand a great entertainer and a great artist on the other.He had the ability to sustain interest through all kinds of literary devices,such as suspension,coincidence,dramatic dialogues and melodrama,etc.Dickens is a great humorist and satirist and his novels are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.
Oliver Twist雾都孤儿
年度消防工作计划Oliver Twist criticizes the dehumanizing workhou system and the dark,criminal underworld life.This novel is a powerful exposure of the bourgeois and a fierce attack on the social evils.However,while sympathizing with the miries of the people,Dickens did not know what r who was responsible for such miries and even cherished illusion about the rich,idle and benevolent people.
小鸟>小怪兽怎么画David Copperfield
David Copperfield is about the debtor’s prison.In writing this novel,Dickens threw into it deep feelings and much of his own experience in his young days.Written at a time when Dickens’creative powers reached their height,the critical reputation is very high.The
readers can e Dickens’democrative viewpoint in this novel.It is the low petty-bourgeois and proletarian characters who win the love and sympathy of the reader.The main impression of the book is one of good humor,tolerance and fun and the world now is still full of hope and sunshine.
Great Expectations
It is a satire upon the society and tho people who dream to enter the higher society.It expos the
overwhelming social environment which brings moral degeneration and destruction to people.
Hard Times
Hard Times lashes the Utilitarian principle that rules over the English education system and destroys young hearts and minds.
Bleak Hou
Bleak Hou attacks the legal system and practices that aim at devouring every penny of the clients.
Dombey and Son
Dombey and Son expos the money-worship that dominates people’s life,corrupts the young and brings tragedy to Mr.Dombey’s family.
The Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传
The Pickwick Papers provides a panoramic view of the English society and affords the reader a whole gallery of vivid portraits of the petty-bourgeoisie.Though here the author attacks the ugly side
of the political system of the time with formless plot,it is full of the gaiety and happy laughter of a youth.
狄更斯的文学生涯
第一时期（1836-1841）
主基调是欢乐玩笑甚至是文学闹剧的倾向与感伤交替出现。此时狄更斯相信只要人与人之间和睦相处，公平对待，互相理解同情，资本主义世界所有的罪恶定能消除。这种天真的乐观主义是当时小资产阶级人道主义者所特有的。
第二时期（1842-1850）
在一次访问美国后，他对美国的印象仅剩美元的统治及对财富和权力的巨大腐蚀性影响，庸俗的自私主义盛行，掩盖了人们美好的一面。这个时期，他的作品充满了激动与愤怒，
后悔后同时他的民主观念在在小说的阶级倾向中表现了出来。
公元220年第三时期（1851-1870）
儿童顺口溜
他这个时期的小说在内容上比前期的小说要更加黑暗，狄更斯，有意识或无意识地，表现得与与资产阶级社会越来越不和谐，越来越意识到没有任何可选择的余地。到此时为止，狄更斯还希望改革资本主义制度，但从《荒凉山庄》开始，出现了“潜在的悲痛语调”，表现了小说家对英国资产阶级社会失去了希望。
5.Gorge.Eliot乔治.艾略特
She is a woman writer of the late half of the19th century.D.H.Lawrence regarded Gorge. Eliot as the first novelist that“started putting all the actions inside”.most of her novels have two features:moral teaching and psychological realism.
Middlemarch米德尔马契
Middlemarch,a study of Provincial life,has been known as one of the most mature works in English literature.It provides a panoramic view of life in a small English town,Middlemarch, and its surrounding countryside in the mid-19th century.It is mainly centered on the lives of Dorothea Brooke,the heroine,and Tertius Lydgate,both of whom are shown to have great potentials and ambitions,but both fail in achieving their goals owing to the social environment as well as their own vulnerabilities.The novel reveals that in a society where woman,the“weather x”is expected to have
only“week points”and to depend on men for social and physical sustenance,Dorothea alike should not have independent life of their own,nor should they have independent means of lf-realization.格力空调遥控器功能图
6.William.Makepeace.Thackeray威廉.麦克皮斯.萨克雷
He is one of the most important writers of the English critical realism.Through his masterpiece Vanity Fair,Thackeray sharply expos the vices of his society:hypocrisy, money-worship,and moral degradation.
Vanity Fair名利场
Vanity Fair,a Novel Without a Hero is Thackeray’s masterpiece.The subtitle of the novel implies the fact that the novelist’s intention was not to portray individuals,but the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole.The name of the novel was borrowed from John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.The heroine is Rebecca Sharp who is a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by any means
