Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
2.1 Speech production and perception
志愿服务事迹 Phonetics is the study of speech sounds. It includes three main areas:
1. Articulatory phonetics – the study of the production of speech sounds
2. Acoustic phonetics – the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech
3. Auditory phonetics – the study of perception of speech sounds
Most phoneticians are interested in articulatory phonetics.
2.2 Speech organs
Speech organs are tho parts of the human body involved in the production of speech. The speech organs can be considered as consisting of three parts: the initiator of the air stream, the producer of voice and the resonating cavities.
2.3 Segments, divergences, and phonetic transcription
2.3.1 Segments and divergences
As there are more sounds in English than its letters, each letter must reprent more than one sound.
2.3.2 Phonetic transcription
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA): the system of symbols for reprenting the pronunciation of words in any language according to the principles of the International Phonetic Association. The symbols consists of letters and diacritics. Some letters are taken from the Roman alphabet, some are special symbols.
2.4 Consonants
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2.4.1 Consonants and vowels
A consonant is produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to d
ivert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.
A vowel is produced without obstruction so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.玉米英文怎么说
2.4.2 Consonants
The categories of consonant are established on the basis of veral factors. The most important of the factors are:
1. the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air pass through certain parts of the vocal tract (manner of articulation);
2. where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing, or the obstruction of the air (place of articulation).
2.4.3 Manners of articulation
1. Stop/plosive: A speech sound which is produced by stopping the air stream from the l
ungs and then suddenly releasing it. In English, [ ] are stops and [ ] are nasal stops.
2. Fricative: A speech sound which is produced by allowing the air stream from the lungs to escape with friction. This is caud by bringing the two articulators, e.g. the upper teeth and the lower lip, clo together but not clos enough to stop the airstreams completely. In English, [ ] are fricatives.
3. (Median) approximant: An articulation in which one articulator is clo to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced. In English this class of sounds includes [ ].对应账户
4. Lateral (approximant): A speech sound which is produced by partially blocking the airstream from the lungs, usually by the tongue, but letting it escape at one or both sides of the blockage. [ ] is the only lateral in English.
Other consonantal articulations include trill, tap or flap, and affricate.
2.4.4 Places of articulation
1. Bilabial: A speech sound which is made with the two lips.
2. Labiodental: A speech sound which is made with the lower lip and the upper front teeth.少阴石>面包教程
3. Dental: A speech sound which is made by the tongue tip or blade and the upper front teeth.
4. Alveolar: A speech sound which is made with the tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge.
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5. Postalveolar: A speech sound which is made with the tongue tip and the back of the alveolar ridge.
6. Retroflex: A speech sound which is made with the tongue tip or blade curled back so that the underside of the tongue tip or blade forms a stricture with the back of the alveolar ridge or the hard palate.
7. Palatal: A speech sound which is made with the front of the tongue and the hard palate.
8. Velar: A speech sound which is made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate.
9. Uvular: A speech sound which is made with the back of the tongue and the uvula, the short projection of the soft tissue and muscle at the posterior end of the velum.
10. Pharyngeal: A speech sound which is made with the root of the tongue and the walls of the pharynx.
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11. Glottal: A speech sound which is made with the two pieces of vocal folds pushed towards each other.
2.4.5 The consonants of English
Received Pronunciation (RP): The type of British Standard English pronunciation which has been regarded as the prestige variety and which shows no regional variation. It has o
ften been popularly referred to as “BBC English” or “Oxford English” becau it is widely ud in the private ctor of the education system and spoken by most newsreaders of the BBC network.
