名词解释第二次作业
10商英1班 曹婉 10020103
1.Romanticism
At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries romanticism appeared in England as a new trend in literature. It ro and under the impetus of the Industrial Revolution and French Revolution.
Romanticism prevailed in england during the ally speaking,the romanticists expresd the ideology and ntiment of the class and social strata who were discontent with,and oppod to,the development of capitalism.but owing to difference in social and political attitudes ,they split into two schools. Some romantic writers reflected the thinking of class ruined by the bourgeoisie, and by way of protest against capitalist development turned to the feudal past. The were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey. Oth
ers expresd the aspirations of the class created by capitalism and held out an ideal, though a vague one, of a future society free from oppression and exploitation. The were the younger generation of romanticists and sometimes called active romanticists reprented by Byron, Shelley and Keats. So the general feature of the works of the romanticists is dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society. Their writings are filled with strong-willed heroes, formidable events, tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions, and exotic pictures. Sometimes they resort to symbolic methods. With the active romanticists, symbolic pictures reprent a vague idea of some future society, while with the escapist romanticists; the often take on a mystic color. Romantic pro of the time was reprented by Lamb, Hazlitt, De Q uincey and Hunt. The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.
2 English Critical Realism
In the period of ten class struggle appeared a new literary trend-critical realism. English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critic
al realists described with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. The English critical realists of the 19亨德尔th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling class, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. The major contribution made by the 19th century critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel.Humourf调笛子指法 and satire were ud in the English realistic novels of the 19th century. Through the sketches of various negative characters given birth to by the capitalist system, critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash o upon human nature. Here lies the root of the democratic and humanistic character of the critical realism of the 19th century Charles Dickens was the greatest reprentative of English critical realism. With striking force and truthfulness, he creates pictures of bourgeois civilization, describing the miry and sufferings of the common people.David Copperfield was his favourite among all his books. Thackeray, like Dickens, was a reprentative of critical realism in 19th century England. One of his masterpieces is Vanity Fair.
3.Naturalism: Naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the cond half of the 19th century. Naturalist writers usually write about the lives of the poor and oppresd, or the “slum life”, but by giving all the details of life without discrimination, they can only reprent the external appearance instead of the inner esnce of real life. However, some of the best naturalistic novels may approach or even become forceful realistic literature becau naturalism, in reality, was a development of realism. George Gissing is one of the English novelists who wrote under the influence of naturalism. His most outstanding novel is New Grub Street.
4.Aestheticism
Aestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19优美拟人句th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier. Following him, Swinburne in English literature declared that art should rve no religious, moral or social end, nor any end except itlf. Aestheticism in England also owed a great deal to Ruskin, who social and art criticism prepared the way for its appearance, though its flo
wers and its fruit were not what Ruskin would have desired, becau he insisted upon moral value in art while the later aestheticists, trying to parate art from real life, paid little attention to its social and moral obligations. The two most important reprentatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde. The masterpiece of Walter Pater was The Renaissance.
5.Imagism
Imagism was an Anglo-American poetic movement flourishing in the 1910s. Its program was formulated about 1912 by the American poet, Ezra Pound, who wrote: “An Image is that which prents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time.” The principle of the movement was: To u the language of common speech; to employ always the exact word; to create new rhythms; to prent an image; poetry should render particulars exactly and not deal in vague generalities; to produce poetry that is hard and clear; concentration is of the very esnce of poetry. The Imagist poetry is a kind of free ver shaking off the conventional meters and emphasizing on the u of common speec转基因食品安全
h, new rhythms and clear images. It owed something to Walt Whitman, the American poet of Leaves of Grass, and was influenced by the French Symbolist movement. Leading Imagist poets, besides Pound and Aldington, were “H.D.” and Amy Lowell of America, and T.E. Hulme and F.S. Flint of England.
6.画山Modernism
Modernism fostered a period of experimentation in the arts from the late 19th to the mid-20th century, particularly in the years following World War I. In an era characterized by industrialization, rapid social change, advances in science and the social sciences, Modernists felt a growing alienation incompatible with Victorian morality, optimism, and conventionOn the one hand, the WWI caud great destruction and staggering casualties. On the other hand, the fragmentation of belief that occurred as the result of the works of scientists and philosophers. Besides, the wholesale urbanization and industrialization. The Modernism began to prevail. It applied to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends from the late 19th to the early 20th century, includin
g Symbolism, Futurism, Expressionism, Impressionism, Imagism, Surrealism, etc. Modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of 19th不仅还有造句 century traditions. The writers sought to liberate themlves from the constraints and conventions associated with Victorianism.
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