Unit 1 Legal Studies
Notes
1. Law is regarded as a t of fixed principles…ignorance of which excus no one, not even the less knowledgeable or less affluent members of society.
法律被认为是一整套固有的规则…不了解这套规则的人并不能因此而免除责任，即使他是这个社会中对此知之甚少，或并不那么富足的成员。
2. Law begins only when a coercive apparatus comes into existence to maintain control through enforcement of social norms.
只有在一种强制性的机构通过实施社会规范来维持控制时，法律才开始形成。
3. The control group need not be agents of a political entity.
控制集团不一定要是政治实体的代表。
4. Law as social engineering. Under this concept law is regarded as a means of social control which eks to balance various competing conflicting interests and values within a society.
法律是社会的调节器。根据这个概念，法律作为社会控制的一种手段，力图将一个社会中各种纷争不同的权益和价值加以平衡。
5. 密封隔音窗to maintain the status quo in certain aspects of society.
维持社会某些方面的现状
6. to facilitate orderly change
有利于进行有序的变革
7. to facilitate planning and the realization of reasonable expectations
有利于计划和实现合理的预期目标
8. Courts will not turn to ca decision for law if a statute is directly in point..
如果某一成文法条直接适用，法院不会到判例中去寻找法律依据。
9. A person or a body whom legislation power is delegated cannot, as can Parliament, make law about anything.
被授予立法权力的人或机构不能像议会那样对任何事情都有立法权。
10. Most delegated legislation is published as statutory instrument.
大多数的授权立法是以制定法式的文件颁布。
Reading1 note p16
Ⅳ. Phra Translation
1. 各种相互冲突的利益 various competing conflicting interests
2. 实体法和程序法 substantive law and procedural law
3. 公法和私法 public law and private law狮子舞
施工合同协议4. 法律的功能 function of law
5. 法的渊源 sources of law
6. 社会规范的总和 the sum of social norms
7. 国家强制力 compulsory state power
8. 刑事司法体系 criminal justice system
9. 诺曼门防止不规范 prevent non-conformity
10. 维持现状 maintain status quo
Ⅴ. Sentence Translation
1. 孕期腰痛在普通法系的国家中，法律不仅包括宪法和成文法，在一些司法管辖中，判例法也可能成为有约束力的法律的一部分动物趣事
心理素质自我评价In the Common Law counties, law not only includes constitution and statutes, in some juri
sdictions, ca law may also become part of the body of law having binding effect.
2. 文明社会中法律最根本的目的是维护秩序。
The fundamental purpo of law in a civilized society is to maintain order.
甜反义词3. 法律离不开一个强制性机构，这个机构通过强制人们遵守社会规范而保持控制。
Law is dependent on a coercive apparatus which maintains control through enforcement of social norms.
4. 有时法律被划分为实体法和程序法、实体法被直接用于解决纠纷，而程序法规定法庭处理案件的程序。程序法也可能影响案件的结果。
Sometimes law is classified into substantive law and procedural law. Substantive law is ud to directly resolve the disputes, and procedural law provides for the procedure by which the court handles a ca. Procedural law may also affect the outcome of a lawsuit.
5. 大陆法系国家已把它们的法律编纂成法典，因此，在这些国家，法的主要渊源是成文法
而不是判例。
The Civil Law counties have codified their laws, therefore, the main source of law in tho countries is to be found in the statutes rather than in the ca.
Unit 2 Constitution
Note
1 The Sixteenth Amendment gives congress the power to collect a national income tax without apportioning it among the states.
第十六条修正案授予国会有权征收国税且无须在各州分摊
2 until the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment Congress could not directly tax the people of the United States unless it was proportioned to the population of each state.
在第十六条修正案通过以前，国会不能直接向美国人民征税，除非按照各州的人口比例分摊。
3 “Constitution ,and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all treaties made or shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the Supreme Law of the Land”
宪法，及基于它所指定的法律和一切在政府授权下已经指定的或即将制定的条约，是美国国家的最高法律
4 The Constitution was interpreted, in 1819,as giving the Supreme Court the power to invalidate any state actions that interfere with the Constitution and the laws and treaties pasd pursuant to it
1819年，宪法阐明：任何一个州的立法如与宪法及基于宪法的法律和条约相背离，最高法院有权判之无效。
5 “the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by ti to the states ,are rerved to the states respectively ,or to the people.
任何未经宪法授权给联邦政府，亦不禁止联邦政府拥有的权利，均保留给各州及美国民众。
6 Specific provisions of the Constitution protect the rights of the individual from interference by the state governments.
宪法的特别条款保护个人不受联邦政府和州政府干涉的权力。
Phra
1 民众主权 popular sovereignty
2 三权分立 paration of powers
3 制衡原则 checks and balances
4 参议院 Senate
5 众议院 Hou of Reprentatives
6 权利法案 the Bill of Right
