英文合同的制式语言

更新时间:2023-07-23 17:53:15 阅读: 评论:0

英文合同的制式语言
大部分读者在英文合同面前止步不前,往往是因为受制于英文合同中的某些制式语言,从而被屏蔽在英文合同业务之外。这些制式语言成了大家的障目之叶。下面笔者就这些制式语言进行分析,为读者摘除这些叶子,使读者可以近窥合同的庐山真貌,并最终使读者实现对合同进行风险分析。为论述之便,笔者将这些制式语言分为"制式词汇"、"制式短语"、"制式长句",并分别对其进行剖析。一、制式词汇
每一种专业英语,都有自己特定的专业词汇。英文合同中出现各种合同专业英语也不足为奇。通俗来讲,英文合同的制式词汇其实就是法言法语,即法律行话(1egale)。笔者将这些行话予以分类,并详述如下:
(一)"here+介词"和"there+介词"
"here+介词"所构成的词主要包括herein,hereof,hereby,hereto,here under等。读者在看到here+介词这个结构时,只需将这里的here理解为this agreement、this contract、this document或"Memorandum of Understanding(MoU)"即可,即herein相当于in this agreement(contract,document或MoU),而hereto也就相当于to this agreement(contract,document或MoU),以此类推。
例如:
例1 No failure of the BUYER to carry out any inspection herein shall relieve the SELLER of any of its obligations,responsibilities and liability under the PURCHASE AGREEMENT.
买方没有进行本采购协议规定的检验,并不免除卖方根据本采购协议所承担的义务、职责和责任。
这里"inspection herein"就表示"inspection in this PURCHASE AGREEMENT"(本采购协议规定的检查),而本句话末尾的
冰沙的制作方法"obligations,responsibilities and liability under the PURCHASE AGREEMENT''也可改成"obligations,responsibilities and liability hereunder"(根据本采购协议所承担的义务、职责和责任)。
例2 The SELLER shall have no authority to make any
statements,reprentations,or commitments of any kind or to take any action which shall be binding upon BUYER except as expressly provided for herein or as may be authorized in writing by BUYER.
卖方无权作出任何对买方有约束力的声明、代理或承诺或提起诉讼,除非本合同有明确约定或者得到买方的书面授权。
"expressly provided for herein"表示"本合同",相当于"expressly provided for in this AGREEMENT"(本合同明确约定)。
例3 ABB,when furnishing the confidential information to Third Parties and Affiliates as mentioned in Article 23.t herein shall require them to assume the confidentiality obligations as t forth herein.
ABB公司,在向本合同第23.5条所提到的第三方或者关联公司提供保密信息时,应要求他们承担本合同所规定的保密义务。
这里的"Article 23.5 herein"就可直接用"Article 23.5 in this AGREEMENT"来代替,表示"本合同中的第23.5条"。多肉的名字
例4 Any attachments hereto shall be an integral part of this CONTRACT.
房地产价格本合同所有附件都是本合同不可缺少的组成部分。
"Any attachments heret0"就相当于"Any attachments to this CON-TRACT",表示"本合同的所有附件"。
例5 This PURCHASE AGREEMENT constitutes the entire agreement between the PARTIES hereto.
本采购协议构成本协议各方之间达成的所有协议。
"the PARTIES hereto"就相当于"the PARTIES to this PURCHASE AGREEMENT".表示"本采购协议的签约方"。
例6 Any overdue payment hereunder shall bear interest,from the date it falls due until such time that PARTY Ahas received the payment from PARTY B,at arate equal to 4(four)percentage points.
根据本协议所有到期不付款项都得计息,自到期之日开始计算,直至甲方
收到乙方付款为止,按4%计利。
"hereunder"即为"under the AGREEMENT",表示"根据本协议"。"under"在英文合同中通常表示"根据",在"普通词"转为"法言法语"部分有详述。
而"there+介词"所构成的词主要包括therein,thereof,thereby,thereunder等。但与"here+介词"结构不同的是,"here"所指极为明确,就是this agreement(本合同),this document(本文件)等;而"there+介词"结构中,"there"具体指什么,并不十分明确,需要根据合同上下文予以推定。但总的来说,我们可以将其定义为是"本合同或文件以外的文件或事项",尽管这并不完
全准确,但处理绝大部分合同中的类似问题应该足够了。换句话说,"thereof"就相当于"of that document","of that matter"或者"of that subject",而"therein"就表示"in that document","in that matter",豆腐汤的做法
"in that subject",以此类推。例如:
中国人民解放军国际关系学院例7 If the ller makes the specification himlf,he must
国字脸适合什么发型
inform the buyer of the details thereof and must fix areasonable time within which the buyer may make adifferent specification[From Article 65(2)of CISG].
如果卖方自己订明规格,他必须把规格的细节通知买方,而且必须规定一
段合理时间,让买方可以在该段时间内订出不同的规格。
这里的"the details thereof"指"the details of the specifications",指"规格的细节"。因为"规格"是该合同以外的文件,而不是合同本身,所以用了"thereof",而不是"hereof"。
例8 In ca of late delivery of the GOODS or any part thereof
after the agreed contractual DELIVERY TIME,the SELLER shall pay to BUYER aliquidated damage of two percent(2%)of the value of the
portion of the GOODS which is late per week of delay,up to amaximum aggregate of ten percent(l0%)of the total PURCHASE ORDER VALUE.
如果在合同方约定的交货时间之后交付全部或者部分货物,每迟延一周,
卖方应向买方缴纳迟延部分货物价值的2%作为损害赔偿金,但最高不超过本订
购单货物总价的l0%。
这里的"any part thereof".-fP2用"any part of the GOODS"代替,表示"货物的任何部分"。由于"货物"是"本合同"以外的事物,故用了"thereof"。
例9 The SELLER REPRESENTATIVE shall be an employee of the SELLER.The appointment,change,or any delegation of the authority of,the SELLER REPRESENTATIVE and any terms thereof shall be subject to prior approval by the BUYER,which shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed.
卖方代表应是卖方雇员。卖方雇员的指派、变更、授权以及指派、变更、
琅琊榜太子授权的条件都必须事先得到买方的批准,买方不得无故拒绝或拖延。
广告营销策略"any terms thereof"相当于"any terms of the appointment,change,
or any delegation of the authority",表示"指派、变更、授权的条件"。如
果用"terms hereof"就表示"本合同的条件",与合同方想要表达的意思明显有别。
例10 If,in the opinion of PARTY A,any such personnel from PARTY B.is considered not professionally fit,PARTY Arerves the
right to refu permission for such personnel to be involved in the
performance hereof and PARTY Ashall not be liable for any costs
arising directly or indirectly therefrom.
如果甲方认为乙方工作人员在专业上不合格,甲方有权拒绝该工作人员介
入履行本合同的义务,由该拒绝直接或间接产生的各种费用,甲方概不负责。
通过本例,读者可以比较"here+介词"和"there+介词"的区别。"the performance hereof"表示"履行本合同"或"对本合同的履行",而"any costs arising directly or indirectly therefrom"表示"any costs arising
directly or indirectly from PARTY A'S refusing permission for such per。sonnel to be involved in the performance hereof if PARTY Aconsiders any such personnel from PARTY Bis not professionally fit",
表示"甲方认为乙方工作人员专业上不合格而拒绝乙方该工作人员履行本合同,因该拒绝直接或间接产生的费用"。"therefrom"表示"因为该拒绝行为",不是"
因为本合同",后者用"herefrom"。
例11 This AGREEMENT is written in the English language.In ca
of any discrepancy between the English version and any translation thereof,the English text shall govern.
本合同以英文拟就,英文版本与该英文版本的翻译版解释上生差异者,以
英文为主。
这里的"any translation thereof"其实就是"any translation of the English version",即"英文版本的翻译版"。
例12 Unless the buyer has received notice from the ller that
he will not perform within the period SO fixed,the buyer may not,during that period,resort to any remedy for breach of
contract.However,the buyer is not deprived thereby of any right he may have to claim damages for delay in performance[From CISG Article 47(2)].

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