十大词性之构词法(1)

更新时间:2023-07-22 23:34:35 阅读: 评论:0

易成教育个性化辅导讲义
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英语
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十大词性之构词法(1
教学目标
认知构词法的分类
掌握常见的词缀
教学重点 难点
熟记常见的词缀合成
课前检查
作业完成情况:优□ 良□ 中□ 差□ 建议__________________________________________
教学过程
词汇是学习语言的基础,理解和掌握构词法可以提高记忆单词的效率,有助于我们扩大词汇量。
英语构词法主要有:合成转化法、派生法、混成法,截短法和首字母缩略法,其中前三种最重要。
一、合成(Compounding悬崖跳水
由两个或更多的词合成一个词,有的用连词符号“一”连接,有的直接连写在一起。合成法主要有:
1)合成名词:
n+nn
classroom, schoolyard, spaceship, newspaper,postman, houwife, 等。
adj +nn
mainland, blackboard,gentleman, newcomer(新来者),best-ller(畅销书),
shorthand( 速记)
v+nn
pickpocket(扒手),breakwater(防水堤), runway(跑道),rush-hour(高峰时间)
rubstone(磨刀石)
-ing+n n
reading-room, waiting-room, sleeping-pill(安眼药), writing desk
adv / prep +n n
afternoon, onlooker(旁观者)
n+ingn
handwriting(书法),sighteing, hor riding, sun—bathing(日光浴)
n+advn
pasr-by (过路人) breakthrough(重大突破)
get-together, turn-off(断开), ,breakdown(衰落)
adv+vn
outbreak(爆发), output(输出),input, downfall(垮台)
n+介词短语n
  father-in-law(岳父),son-in-law(女婿),
  command-in-chief(总司令),comrade-in-arms(战友)
2)合成形容词
adj / 数词+ n+-ed adj
kind-hearted, cold-blooded, write-haired, middle-aged,
one-eyed (独眼的),three-legged
adj+-ing adj
good-looking (相貌好看的),easy-going(随和的),English-speaking,
adj+nadj
low-price, high-class(高级的),cond-hand(旧的),
everyday,large-scale(大规模)
n+adjadj
lifelong(终生的),nationwide(全国性的),worldwide, world-famous,
color-blind(色盲的),airsick(晕飞机的)
n+ 分词adj
man-made, state-owned(国有的), radio-equipped, sunburned(晒黑的)
peace-loving(热爱和平的)fun-loving(爱开玩笑的)
adv+分词adj
well-known, widespread (分布广的),well-informed(消息灵通的),hard-working(勤劳的)
Far-reaching(深远的)long-lasting(耐用的)
(3)合成动词
adv +vv
overthrow(推翻),undergo(经历),uphold(高举), overhear(无意),output(输出),input,
n+vv
sleep-walk(梦游),daydream(做白日梦),spoonfeed(填鸭式灌输),sun-bathe, mess-produce
(大规模生产)
adj+vv
whitewash(粉刷),blacklist(列入黑名单),dry-salt(干腌), deep-freeze(冷藏)
(4)合成副词
adv+advadv
however, whenever, moreover(而且), therefore,
adj+advadv 
everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, anywhere,
n+advadv
  headfirst(头朝下),daylong(整天),nightlong(通宵)
adv+nadv
  downstairs, upstairs, downhill, inside, westward, upward,
(5)合成代词
  some, any, every, no 可与 -thing –one, -body 合成代词,代词宾格(物主代词)+lf(lves):
  something, everything, anyone nobody, yourlves, himlf,
二、转化( conversion
由一种词类转化成另一种或几种词类
1nadv
Lets go hand in hand
Plea hand in your exerci books after class
water:浇水  place:地方放置  land:土地着陆
design:图案设计  at:座位使就座  book:预定 
2adjv
Her room is clean and tidy
培训评价She cleans her room every day
quiet:安静的使…静    slow:慢的使慢下来
back:后面的支持,使后退    warm:暖和的使暖和
3advv
  Plea sit down
  The government easily downed(打倒)riot.
near:附近地靠岸  up:向上抬起,  out:在外赶出
further:更进一步地促进 
4.vn
He visited the summer palace yesterday
We paid a visit to the scientist last week
taste::尝起来味道    u::使用水晶钵仔糕用处 fly:飞行苍蝇:
cau:引起起因  show:显示节目  guess:猜猜想:
5.adjn
We are very young
The cow took good care of her young( 幼畜 )
right: 正确的权利    native:本地的本地人
major:主要的主修科目
fat:肥胖的脂肪
三、派生(derivation
由一个词根加上前缀和(或)后缀构成另一个词。
1.前缀(prefix
1)构成反义词的前缀主要有:dis  un  in  im  il  ir  non 
dis      agree同意disagree 不同意  appear出现disappear消失
(否定)    eike喜欢dislike 不喜欢      cover覆盖discover 发现
          honest诚实的字谜故事dishonest不诚实的  satisfied满意的dissatisfied 不满的
un-  able 有能力的unable无能力的    fair公平的unfair不公平的
()  limited 有限的unlimited 无限的  lucky 幸运的unlucky不幸的
usual 通常的unusual不寻常的  important 重要的unimportant不重要的
in-        complete 完全的incomplete 不完全的 correct正确的incorrect不正确的
(不、无、非)  formal 正式的informal 非正式的  direct 直接的indirect间接的
convenient 方便的inconvenient不方便的 visible 可见的invisible看不见
in-  (多用于以P,  m 起首的词之前)表“不,非、无”之意
      possible可能的impossible不可能的  patient 耐心的impatient不耐烦的
      perfect 完美的imperfect 不完美的  proper 合适的improrer不恰当的
      moral 道德的immoral  不道德的    modest 谦虚的immodest 不谦虚的
il— (多用于以l起首的词之前)表“不、无、非”之意
legal 合法的illogical 不合法的
logical 逻辑的illegal 不合逻辑的
ir— (多用于以r起首的词之前)表“不、无、非”之意,
regular规则的irregular不规则的
responsible有责任的irresponsible不承担责任的
non—
(不、无、非)    stop 停止副部级干部退休年龄non-stop 不停的 smoker 吸烟者non-smoker不吸烟者
violent 暴力的non-violent 非暴力的
human 人类non-human 非人类的
2)其它常见前缀:
re—(重,再)
write rewrite 重写      considerreconsider 重新考虑
u reu 再利用,      cyclerecycle 回收
tellretell 复述          buildrebuild 重建
mis—()
understandmisunderstand 误解    lead mislead 误导
placemisplace 放错            remembermisremember 记错
en—(使成…)
ableenable 使能够        richenrich 丰富
dangerendanger 危及    courageencourage 鼓励
largeenlarge  扩大      joyenjoy 享受
tele—(远程)
phonetelephone 电话  graphtelegraph 电报
visiontelevision 电视    scopetelescope 望远镜
a—(adj / adv)
sleepasleep 睡着的    wake awake 醒着的
lonealone  独自的    broadabroad 国外
co—(共同)
existco-exist 共存        operatecooperate 共同操作
workersco-workers 保健品营销合作者  educationcoeducation 男女合校
over—(过于)
workoverwork劳累过度  carefulovercareful过分小心的
crowdovercrowd挤满    joyoverjoy 狂喜
anti—(反,防)
poisonanti-poison 抗毒    bodyantibody 抗体
freezeantifreeze 防冻剂    slaveryantislavery 反奴隶制度
super—(超级)
starsuperstar 超级名星  marketsupermarket超市
mansuperman 超人  highwaysuperhighway 超级公路
sub—(下,副)
waysubway 地铁    conscioussubconscious 下意识
topicsubtopic 副主题  titlesubtitle小标题
bi—()
cyclebicycle 自行车      monthlybimonthly 双月的
lingualbilingual 双语的  weeklybiweekly 隔周的
tri—(3)
cycletricycle 三轮车    angletriangle 三角形
planetriplane 三翼飞机    athletetriathlete 能加三项全能比赛的运动员
inter—(之间,相互)
nationalinternational 国际的  viewinterview 艰难的决定采仿
actinteract  相互作用        netinternet 安徒生童话有哪些童话互联网
under—(…之下的)
groundunderground 地下      aundera 在海底
lineunderline  在下面划线    shirtundershirt 内衣
ex—(前任的,向外)
wifeex-wife 前妻      presidentex-president 前总统
portexport  出口      pressexpress 表达
fore—(预先,前)
castforecast  预报    tellforetell 预言
armforearm  前臂    runnerforerunner 祖先
pre—(预先,前)
pareprepare 准备        viewpreview 预习
payprepay  预先支付      fixprefix 前缀
micro—(微小的)  scopemicroscope 显微镜  wave microwave 微波
kilo(千);meter kilometre千米;gramme kilogramme 千克;trans转移,变化;planttransplant 移植 ;formtransform改变
2、后缀(suffix
1)名词后缀
—er(人或工具):teacher, learner, writer, designer, villager, buyer(买主),drier(吹风机)。
_or(人):visitor,actor,sailor(水手),inventor(发明家),editor(编辑),monitor,competitor(竞赛者),professor(教授)。
—ist(…家,…者):artist,pianist,journalist(记者),socialist(社会主义者),communist(共产主义者),terrorist(恐怖主义者),
—man(人):postman(邮递员),Frenchman,German,gentleman
—ess(女…):waitress(女服务员),hostess(女主人),actress(女演员)
—man()musician(音乐家),Asian, American, Indian, Egyptian.
—e(…国人):Chine, Japane, Portugue(葡萄牙人)
—ee(受…者):employee(受雇者),trainee (受培训人),interviewee(被采仿者)
—mate(有…关系的人):workmate(同事),classmate, roommate(室友)
—eer(…者…家):engineer, volunteer(自愿者),mountaineer
—ant(做…事的人):rvant, assistant (助手),applicant(申请者),accountant(会计)
-- ism(…主义): socialism, communism (共产主义) Marxism.
-- ment: amument (娱乐,消遣), entertainment, equipment,
-- ness(性质,状态): kindness, happiness, loneliness, illness, sadness, carelessness darkness.
-- tion: collection, translation, liberation (解放), operation education invitation, invention, contribution, situation, dictation(听写)
-- ship(状态,身份): friendship, relationship(关系), membership(成员资格), partnership(伙伴关系), readership(读者群), hardship(困苦),
-- ing: feeling, meeting, meaning, greeting, wedding, painting training, belongings(所有物),
-- th: truth, strength, warmth, length, depth, death, growth
-- ance: appearance, importance, performance, distance, assistance.
-- sion: decision, expression, impression, permission(允许), revision(复习) ,television
-- dom(状态,领域): kingdom(王国), wisdom(智慧),
--hood: childhood, neighbour hood, brotherhood ( 兄弟般的关系 ), girlhood,
-- ity: ability, reality, activity, quality, possibility, minority, disability, nationality, quantity,
-- ure: pleasure, pressure, failure, gesture, mixture, exposure ( 暴露 )
-- al: arrival, survival, burial, proposal ( 建议 ), trial ( 试验 )
-- ary: discovery, slavery.
(2)形容词后缀
--ble: acceptable, eatable(可吃的),suitable, comfortable, horrible(恐怖的),reliable(可靠的),reasonable, terrible, responsible, possible
-- al: natural, national, practical, physical,  cultural, personal, medical, agricultural.
-- an: American, European, Canadian, Italian, Asian, Australian.
-- ant: important, distant, pleasant, ignorant(无知的), significant.
-- ary: necessary, ordinary, imaginary, primary, revolutionary
-- en: wooden (木制的), woolen (羊毛的) golden (金的)
-- ant: different, patient, convenient, intelligent, independent.
-- ern: eastern, southern, western, northern.
-- ed: excited, disappointed, skilled, talented, experienced
-- e: Chine (中国的), Japane, Vietname (越南的)
-- ful: careful, uful, helpful, hopeful, forgetful, wonderful.
--less():homeless (无家可归的),harmless,carless, hopeless, uless helpless
-- like:lifelike (栩栩如生的), childlike, godlike (上帝般的)
--ly: lovely,friendly, monthly(每月的), yearly,orderly (有秩序的)
-- ive: active, native, effective, expensive, instructive (有教育意义的)
-- ish: lfish, childish, foolish, Swedish (瑞典的) British,
-- ic: electric, heroic(英雄的) ,historic, energetic (精力旺盛的), atomic
-- ing: exciting, disappointing, interesting, frightening
-- ous: famous, rious, curious, dangerous, nervous, anxious (焦虑的)
-- some: troublesome (麻烦) ,handsome, tiresome (讨厌) ,lonesome (寂寞的)
-- y : easy, health, wealthy, sunny, rainy, windy, cloudy, dirty
(3)动词后缀
-- izeli: realize, organize, modernize, apologize, mechanize (使机械化)
-- ify: simplify (简化), beautify (美化),terrify, satisfy, purify (提纯)
-- en: widen, fasten ,shorten, deepen, strengthen, frighten
(4) 副后缀
-- ly: badly, really, happily, truly, freely, quickly, simply, slightly
-- ward(s) (方向): backward(s) (向后) , eastward(s), forward((), upwards (向上)towards
(5)数词后缀
-- teen: eighteen, nineteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen.
-- ty: twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, eighty, ninety.
-- th (序数词): fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, twentieth.
课堂回顾
课后学生作业布置(手写)
教师课后赏识评价
(手写)
在课上老师最赏识的是:
在下次课老师最希望你改正的是:
学生签字:___________________日期:__________________

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