宏观知识点总结
Chapter26 the exchange rate and balance of payment
1. 名义利率和实际利率的概念纪实故事,要区分;二者的关系,那个公式。明白一国货币升值表示什么意思。(掌握)
2. traded weighted index(了解)
3. 对一国货币的供给和需求的分析
一,供给和需求决定汇率,要知道哪些因素影响一国货币的供给和需求,相应的曲线在图上会怎么移动(重点)。
二,对一种货币的需求是对另一种货币的供给,要清楚某一种货币供给需求变化后,另一种货币的供给和需求会如何变化。(重点)
4. 利率平价和购买力平价(掌握)
5. international trade (了解)
6. 汇率政策。理解什么是浮动汇率、固定利率和crawling peg。注意区分。(掌握)
Chapter 27 (AD-AS model)
The main purpo of AD-AS model: explain changes in real GDP and price level, which leads to business cycle fluctuations around potential GDP.
1、区分宏观中的长短期
宏观中的长短期主要以价格行为加以区分:在长期中,价格是具有伸缩性的,价格水平能够调整到充分就业的均衡状态;在短期中,价格是具有粘性的(sticky),实际GDP可能等于、大于、小于潜在GDP.
2、总供给(Aggregate Supply)
2.1总供给是描述实际GDP供给量与价格水平的关系。
The quantity of labor employed
The quantity of physical, human capital Quantity of real GDP supplied
The state of technology AS
2.2总供给关系取决于时间范围
企业的产品服务价格具有伸缩性---长期总供给曲线
企业的产品服务价格具有黏性—短期总供给曲线
2.2.1长期总供给(long-run aggregate supply)
a、In the long run, the money wage rate changes in step with the price level;
b、Try to explain why the LAS curve is vertical.(重点)
the price level
change by the real wage rate
the money wage the same percentage does not change
rate高中语文必背
at the full-employment level real GDP=potential GDP potential
GDP is independent of the price level LAS curve is vertical
2.2.2短期总供给(short-run aggregate supply)
a、in the short run, the money wage rate, the prices of other resources and potential GDP remain constant;
b、Try to explain why the SAS curve slopes upward.
In the short run, when the price level ris real wage rate declines
the cost of production decreas employ more labors increas production(real GDP) 黏性工资模型
在超短期中,总供给曲线是水平的。
2.3总供给的变动
An increa in the
Full-employment
quantity of labor
An increa in the changes in both of LAS and SAS
quantity of capital potential GDP curve shift
An advance in
technology changes
in AS
Departures from
full-employment团圆酒
changes in
Expectations about the money wage only SAS curve shifts
inflation曹颖 rate
3、总需求(Aggregate demand)
3.1 总需求是描述实际GDP需求量与价格水平的关系
Basic formula: Y(实际GDP需求量)= C+I+G+(X-M) aggregate
Price level demand孕妇短裤
3.2 总需求曲线
Try to explain why the AD curve slopes downward.
Method 1
Price level
real wealth
saving Wealth Effect
current consumption
AD
Intertemporal substitution Substitution
International price Effcts
Method 2
To analysis the relationship between the price level and real GDP by using the quantity theory of money.
3.3影响总需求变动的因素
Expectation ,Fiscal and monetary policy,The world economic(这部分的变化分析要求理解掌握,课本上有具体的总结解释)
4、短期均衡与长期均衡
好听的睡前故事短期均衡:SAS=AD(attention: the money wage rate is fixed)
长期均衡:货币工资率的不断调整使得经济处于充分就业状态。(重点)
In the long-run equilibrium, potential GDP determines real GDP, and potential GDP and AD determine the price level.
凯恩斯主义:强调短期均衡;新古典主义:强调长期均衡
5、AS-AD模型的运用(重点)
5.1 解释经济增长,经济增长的过程中伴随通货膨胀
5.2解释经济周期(短期经济波动)
5.3总需求变动带来的短期和长期效应(通胀缺口和萧条缺口)
5.4总供给负方向波动会引发滞胀,思考可以通过何种调整可以使经济回归充分就业状态。
6、三大宏观经济学的思想流派
古典主义:经济能够自我调节,回归充分就业状态(长期);新古典认为技术的变化是造
成经济波动的主要原因。
凯恩斯主义:强调政府干预,经济不能自身调节
货币主义:在货币政策稳定且货币稳定增长的情况下,经济能够自我调节,处于充分就业的均衡状态
Chapter 28 Expenditure Multipliers: The Keynesian Model
凯恩斯模型前提假设:
1. Price-level is fixed
2. Aggregate demand determines real GDP
Aggregate planned expenditure: C+I+G+X-M(注意均为planned的情况而非实际情况,C,M有部分是自发性的
1Consumption and saving
a. Factors influence consumption and saving:
尹林光子
1. Disposal income增加(减少),c,s增加(减少);
2. Real interest rate增加(减少),c减少(增加),s增加(减少);
3. Wealth增加(减少),c增加(减少),s减少(增加);
4. Expected future income增加(减少),c增加(减少),s减少(增加)
b. qq忘记密码了怎么找回Consumption, saving functions P673
c. MPC, MPS, MPI:
MPC+MPS=1, MPI=changes in investment/ changes in real GDP
2Aggregate Planned Expenditure
a.Autonomous expenditure: I, G, X, 部分C, M
Induced expenditure: C, M
计算autonomous expenditure: real GDP=0时的aggregate planned expenditure
b.AE Curve P677
c.Actual aggregate expenditure= Real GDP
Aggregate planned expenditure≠ Real GDP(inventories的作用)
Aggregate planned expenditure>Real GDP, inventories减少;
Aggregate planned expenditure<Real GDP, inventories增加。