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托福阅读TPO6(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Powering the Industrial Revolution
托福阅读原文
In Britain one of the most dramatic changesof theIndustrial Revolution was the harnessing of power. Until the reign ofGeorge Ⅲ(1760-1820),available sources of power for work and travel had notincread since theMiddle Ages. There were three sources of power: animal orhuman muscles; the
wind, operating on sail or windmill; and running water. Onlythe last of thewas suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, andalthoughwaterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills aswell astextile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed wherenature intendedthem to, and water-driven factories had to be located on theirbanks whether ornot the location was desirable for other reasons. Furthermore,even the mostreliable waterpower varied with the asons and disappeared in adrought. Thenew age of machinery, in short, could not have been born without anew sourceof both movable and constant power.
The source had long been known but notexploited. Early inthe eighteenth century, a pump had come into u in whichexpanding steamraid a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure broughtit down againwhen祝的成语
校际
鸡肉怎么炒好吃the steam condend inside the cylinder to form a vacuum.This“atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved byhispartner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was soslowand wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal minesforwhich it had been designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected aparatecondenr for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooledat everystroke; then he devid a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thusconvertreciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary moti
小初高on. Hetherebytransformed an inefficient pump of limited u into a steam engine ofathousand us. The final step came when steam was introduced into thecylinderto drive the piston backward as well as forward, thereby increasing thespeedof the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.
Watt's steam engine soon showed what itcould do. Itliberated industry from dependence on running water. The engine eliminatedwaterin the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper anddeepermining. The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch duringthe 1790sto develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to bediscovered in amillennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps andflickering candles,and early in the new century, well-
to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslithous and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which hadstarved for fuel whiledepending on charcoal, also benefited fromever-increasing supplies of coal:blast furnaces with steam-powered bellowsturned out more iron and steel for thenew machinery. Steam became the motiveforce of the Industrial Revolution ascoal and iron ore were the raw materials.缄默怎么读
By1800 more than athousand steam engines were in u in the British Isles, andBritain retained avirtual monopoly on steam engine production until the 1830s.Steam power didnot merely spin cotto
人体艺术欣赏n and roll iron; early in the new century,it alsomultiplied ten times over the amount of paper that a single workercouldproduce in a day. At the same time, operators of the first printingpress runby steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousandpages inan hour rather than thirty. Steam also promid to eliminate atransportationproblem not fully solved by either canal boats or turnpikes.Boats could carryheavy weights, but canals could not cross hilly terrain;turnpikes could crossthe hills, but the roadbeds could not stand upundergreatweights. The problems needed still another solution, and theingredients forit lay clo at hand. In some industrial regions, heavily ladenwagons, withflanged wheels, were being hauled by hors along metal rails; andthestationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine. Anothergenerationpasd before
鼻子的形状>抗日英雄手抄报inventors succeeded in combining the ingredients, byputtingthe engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide amachine totake the place of the hor. Thus the railroad age sprang from whathad alreadyhappened in the eighteenth century.
托福阅读试题
1.Which of the ntences below bestexpress the esntial informationin the highlighted ntence in the passage(paragragh 1) ? Incorrect choices change the meaning inimportant ways or leaveout esntial information．
A.Running water was the best power sourcefor factories since it could keep machines operating continuously, but since itwas abundant only in Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories thatwere located elwhere could not be water driven.
B.The disadvantage of using waterpower isthat streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable forfactories, which explains why so many water-powered grain and textile millswere located in undesirable places.
C.Since machines could be operatedcontinuously only where running
