FPSO：Floating Production, Storage and Offloading. Typically a tanker type hull or barge with wellheads on a turret that the ship can rotate freely around (to point into wind, waves or current). The turret has wire rope and chain connections to veral anchors (position mooring-POSMOR), or it can be dynamically positioned using thrusters (dynamic positioning-DYNPOS). Water depths 200 to 200 meters, Common with suba wells. The main process is placed on the deck, while the hull is ud for storage and offloading to a shuttle tanker. May also be ud with pipeline transport.
TLP: A Tension Leg Platform consists of a structure held in place by vertical tendons connected to the a floor by pile-cured templates. The structure is held in a fixed position by tensioned tendons, which provide for u of the TLP in a broad water depth rang up to about 2000m. Limited vertical motion. The tendons are constructed as hollow high tensile strength steel pipes that carry the spare buoyancy of the structure and ensure limited vertical motion. A variant is Seastar platforms which are miniature floating tension leg platforms, much like the mi submersible type, with tensioned tendons.
SPAR: The SPAR consists of a single tall floating cylinder hull, supporting a fixed deck. The cylinder however does not extend all the way to the afloor, but instead is tethered to the bottom by a ries of cables and lines. The large cylinder rves to stabilize the platform in the water, and allows for movement to absorb the force of potential hurricanes. Spars can be quite large and are ud for water
depths from 300 and up to 3000 meters. SPAR is not an acronym, but refers to its likeness with a ship’s spar. Spars can support dry completion wells, but is more often ud with suba wells.
To get the last of the water out of the oil, the oil is procesd through an oil treater or a treating system. A treater is similar to a parator, but with special features to help parate the water from the oil. Treaters or treating systems usually provide heat to reduce oil viscosity and large ttling ctions to allow the water time to ttle from the oil, and may provide an electrostatic grid to promote coalescing of the water droplets. Conventional treaters usually have a front ction with a heater in which the emulsion is heated and initial paration of the “free water” takes place. The oil then flows to a cond ction of the vesl, where additional coalescence and ttling of the water droplets takes place. Gas is flashed (i.e. liberated) from the emulsion as the pressure is lowered and the temperature is raid from the upstream parator. For a conventional treater with a heater, free-water knockout ction, and ttling ction, the water content in the oil can be reduced to less than 1%. An electrostatic treater, which is a conventional treater with an
electrostatic grid in the ttling ction, can reduce the water content to 0.3 to 0.5%by vol ume.
The rotating part of the compressor consists of all the impellers. It runs on two radial bearings (on all
modern compressors, there are hydrodynamic tilt pad bearings), while the axial thrust generated by the impellers is balanced by a balance piston, and resulting force is balanced by a hydrodynamic tilt pad thrust bearing. To keep the gas from escaping at the shaft ends, dry gas als are ud. The entire asmbly is contained i n a casi ng (usual l y barrel type).
The different working principles cau differences in the operating characteristics of the centrifugal compressors compared to tho the reciprocating unit. Centrifugal compressors are ud in a wide variety of applications in chemical plants, refineries, onshore and offshore gas lift and gas injection application, gas gathering, and in the transmission of natural gas. Centrifugal compressors can be ud for outlet pressures as high as 10000 psia，thus overlapping with reciprocating compressors over a portion of the flow rate/pressure domain. Centrifugal compressors are usually either turbine or electric motor driven. Typical operating speeds for centrifugal compressors in gas transmission applications are about 14000 rpm for 5000-hp units 8000 rpm for 20000-hp units.文字的由来
The task of gas compression is to bring gas from a certain suction pressure to a higher discharge pressure by means of mechanical work. The actual compression process is often compared to one of three ideal process: isothermal, intropic, and polytrophic compression.
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Mercaptans are compounds that occur naturally in sour gas. They are hydrocarbon compounds that have a sulfur atom inrted between a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom. Methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl merchantman are some examples. Mercaptans have a strong offensive odor, and certain mixtures of manufactured mercaptan, such as tertiary butyl mercaptan and isopropy mercaptan, as well as others, are added to sweet natural gas to odorize the gas prior to domestic or commercial consumption.东飞伯劳西飞燕
Most of the regenerative chemical sweetening solvents are alkanolamines, which are compounds formed by replacing one, two, or three hydrogen atoms of the ammonia molecule with radicals of other compounds to form primary, condary, or tertiary amines respectively. Amines are weak organic bas that have been ud for many years in gas treating to remove CO2 and H2S from
natural gas as well as from synthesis gas. The compounds combine chemically with the acid gas in the contactor to form unstable salts. The salts break down under the elevated temperature and low pressure in the still.
The flow to and from reciprocating compressors is subject to significant pressure fluctuations due to the reciprocating compression process. Therefore, pulsation dampeners have to be installed upstrea
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m and downstream of the compressor to avoid damages to other equipment. The pressure loss (veral percent of the static flow pressure) of the dampeners have to be accounted for in the station design.
运球技巧Reciprocating compressors are widely utilized in the gas processing industries becau they are flexible in throughput and discharge pressure range. Reciprocating compressors are classified as either “high speed” or “slow speed”. Typically, high-speed compressors operate at speeds of 900 to 1200 rpm and slow-speed units at speeds of 200 to 600 rpm. High-speed units are normally “parable”i.e., the compressor frame and driver are parated by a coupling or gearbox. For an “integral”unit, power cylinders are mounted on the frame as compressor cylinders, and power pistons ate attached to the same drive shaft as the compressor cylinders. Low-speed units are typically integral in design.
Isothermal compression occurs when the temperature is kept constant during the compression process. It is not adiabatic becau the heat generated in the compression process has to be removed from the system.
The compression process is intropic or adiabatic reversible if no heat is added to or removed from 插队的英文
the gas during compression and process is frictionless. With the assumptions, the entropy of the gas does not change during the compression process.
Diglycolamine (DGA). The DGA process was developed by The Fluor Crop. in the 1950s, which called the process the Econamine Process. The advantage of DGA over MEA appears to be the lower solution rate owing to the higher solvent concentration, resulting in higher acid gas pickup per volume of solution circulated. This yields capital saving, as the regeneration equipment is smaller for DGA than for MEA. Disadvantage appear to be degradation of the chemical with CO2 and greater solubility of heavier hydrocarbons in the solution, as compared to MEA. This is a rious drawback if the acid gas steam is fed to a Claus plant, as additional air is required for the combustion of the hydrocarbons. Also, this dilutes the sulfur compounds in the sulfur recovery
train. Solution strength is on the order of 50 to 70% by weight of DGA in water, which mol loadings in the range of 0.3 to 0.4 moles of acid gas per mole of DGA circulated. The DGA process train usually includes a reclaimer Diglycolamine（DGA的）。阿里巴巴素材
The polytrophic compression process is like the intropic cycle reversible, but it is not adiabatic. It can be described as an infinite number of intropic steps, each interrupted by isobaric heat transfer.
玉的拼音怎么写This heat addition guarantees that the process will yield the same discharge temperature as the real process.
The mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is called synthesis gas or spgus. The resulting hydrocarbon products are refined to produce the desired synthetic fuel. The utility of the process is primarily in its role in producing fluid hydrocarbons or hydrogen from a carbonaceous feedstock such as natural gas or coal. Possible end products include kerone, naphtha, methanol, dimethyl ether (DGA), alcohols, waxes, diel fuel, and gasoline, with water or carbon dioxide produced as a by-product. Dimethyl ether is also ud as a transportation fuel or power generation fuel as well as a chemical feedstock for the petrochemical industry.
The components in natural gas, methane, ethane, propane, n-and iso-butanes and pentanes are all uful in their own right. The higher paraffins are particularly valuable for a wealth of chemicals and polymer precursors such as acetic acid, formaldehyde, olefins, polyethylene, polypropylene, acrylonitrile, ethylene glycol, ect., as well as portable premium fuels, such as propane. In addition, methane can be converted via syngas to methanol, ammonia, syncrude, lubricant, or some precursor for chemicals manufacture, e.g., dimethyl ether (DGA), urea, etc., and then ud to make chemicals for export.
浮动生产储卸油装置。通常油轮船体上的塔楼或该船舶可以自由旋转左右（一般朝向风浪或水流）。塔楼通过绳索连接到锚上（定位抛锚），也可以用推进器进行动态定位（动态定位）。它水深200至2000米，这些井在海底是比较常见的。其主要的处理工艺放置在甲板上，这种船体是用于储存和卸油到穿梭油轮上。也可用于管道运输。
张力腿式平台是由垂直的绳索连接到海底的桩护底板上的这样的结构组成的。这种结构通过张力腿被保持在一固定位上，这种TLP张力腿被广泛应用于很宽的水域中，水深高达2000米。它可限制垂向运动。这种张力腿的结构一般用中空高强度的钢管，所以可承载多余的浮力，限制垂向的运动。对于这个有一种不同的微小的张力腿式平台称为“海之星”，它像是半潜式的张力腿。
深水浮桶式平台是单个很大的浮动圆柱桶体，由它支撑固定平台。这个圆筒不是一直延伸到海底的，而是通过一系列的缆绳和绳索连接到海底的。这较大的筒体起到稳定水中平台的作用，还可通过运动来吸收潜在飓风的力量。深水浮桶式平台可能十分大，常常被用于水深300至3000米的水域中。SPAR不是首写字母的缩写，其形状就像是船的桅杆。深水浮桶平台可以支持干式完井，因此像这种平台被广泛应用于海底中。
为了让最后一滴水从油中分离出来，油品通常是通过油处理器或处理系统来加工的。处理器类似于一个分离器，它的特殊特征有助于水从油中去除。处理器或处理系统通过加热处理来降低原油的粘度和
增大沉降区域，允许水从油中沉下来。它也可以提供静电场，以促进对水滴的凝聚。常规的处理器通常有用来加热乳液的前加热区域，从而初步实现自由水的分离。然后油流向容器的第二个区域，在那里水滴进一步聚集和沉降。上游分离器中通过压力降低和温度上升，乳化液中的气体发生闪蒸。对于常规原油处理器加热器有自由水脱水区域和沉降区域，水在油中所占的体积会减低到少于1%。带有静电或静电厂的，其实是在常规处理器的沉降区域中装有静电场的，它可以使油中的含水容积减少到0.3%到0.5%。
压缩机的旋转部分包括所有的叶轮。它在两个止推径向轴承（在所有现代压缩机，它们通常用液压斜垫止推轴承）上运动，而由叶轮产生的轴向推力是由平衡活塞平衡的，以及这个合力是由液压斜垫止推滑片轴承平衡。为了防止轴承末端漏气，使用干气密封。所有这些部件都安装在一个盒中（通常是筒形）。
不同的工作原理造成的离心压缩机的运行特性与往复压缩机的不同。离心压缩机被广泛应用于化工厂，炼油厂，陆上和海上气举和注气的应用，气体收集以及天然气运输广泛的应用，。离心压缩机可用于出口压力高达10000 psia，因而离心压缩机中有一部分的流量和压
