独立结构
状语有时可以由一个名词（代词）和另一成分构成的复合结构充当，称为独立（主格）结构。独立结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式和介词是主谓关系。 独立结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常有逗号与主句分开。
需要特别注意的是，独立结构与句子之间不能使用任何连词。
一 独立结构的分类: 计算机编程基础主格独立结构和带with的独立结构
1. 主格独立结构有以下几种类型：
1) 名词(代词)+ ing形式
2) 名词(代词) + 过去分词
3) 名词(代词)+不定式
黑糖话梅糖4) 无动词独立结构
2. 带with的独立结构有以下几种类型：
1) with＋名词＋介词短语
2) with＋名词＋形容词
3) with＋名词＋副词
4) with＋名词＋名词
5) with＋名词＋ing形式
6) with＋名词＋ed分词
7) with＋名词＋不定式
二 主格独立结构的句法功能
主格独立结构主要用来作状语，偶尔用来作补充说明。
例如 Weather permitting; we shall hold a sport meet in time.（独立结构作条件状语）
如果天气许可，我们将按时举办运动会。
Spring having come; it is getting warmer and warmer.（作时间状语）
春天来了，天气越来越暖和。
We shall asmble at 10:45, the procession to start moving at precily eleven.（作原因 状语）
我们在10:45集合，因为游行队伍将在11点准时行动。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.（many of them children 是对Two hundred people的补充说明）
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
三 何时采用主格独立结构
黄莲的作用
主格独立结构是用于补充ing形式作状语的不足。
例如 Looking out of the window, I saw many green trees.
往窗外一望，我看到了许多绿树。
此句的 I 既是 saw 的施动者，又是 Looking out 的施动者。
如果主句的施动者和状语的施动者不是同一个人，则必须采用主格独立结构，如：
John arriving home, Mary asked him to dine.
约翰回家时，玛丽请他吃饭。
四 主格独立结构
1 史记原名 名词(代词)+ ing形式
Time permitting; we’ll go out for a walk.
时间许可的话，我们出去散步一下。
Weather permitting; we shall hold a sport meet in time.
如果天气许可，我们将按时举办运动会。
God willing, I will fly to Paris.
如果上帝愿意，我将飞往巴黎。
No further discussion arising, the meeting was brought to a clo.
由于没有进一步的讨论，所以就休会了。正常扁桃体
Spring having come; it is getting warmer and warmer.
春天来了，天气越来越暖和。
2 名词(代词) + 过去分词
Lunch finished, the guest retired to the lounge.
午餐后，客人们到客厅休息去了。
His voice drowned by the noi, the speaker interrupted his lecture.
由于噪声盖过了他的嗓音，发言人中断了演讲。
The pur not yet found, we went to the police.
由于钱包还没有找到，所以我们到警察局报案。
3 名词(代词)+不定式
We shall asmble at 10:45, the procession to start moving at precily eleven.
我们在10:45集合，因为游行队伍将在11点准时行动。
The plan was that the two parties should first reach an agreement on the
basic principle, the details to be worked out later.
计划是两党首先在基本原则上达成一致，细节以后再解决。
4 无动词独立结构
名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词) +介词短语。
料民He went off, gun in hand.
他离去，手里拿着枪。
The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside.
地板又湿又滑，我们呆在室外。
The meal over, prayers were read by Miss Miller.
饭后，米勒小姐作了祷告。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
五 带with的独立结构
1 with＋名词＋介词短语 或with ＋名词（代词）＋介词短语
We sat on the dry grass with our backs to the wall.
我们背靠着墙壁，坐在干草上。
He was asleep with his arms on his heads.
他头枕着胳膊，睡着了。
He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand．
他手托下巴，坐在那儿沉思。
They ran to the hero, flowers in hand.
他们手持鲜花朝着英雄跑去。
Mother looked at me with tears in her eyes.
妈妈眼含泪水看着我。
The girl reached a river bank with so many flowers on both banks.
这个女孩来到了两岸开满鲜花的河边。
2 with＋名词＋形容词
with ＋名词（代词）＋形容词
He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open．
他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。
They went to bed with all the windows open.
他们上床睡了，窗户都开着。
3 with＋名词＋副词 或with ＋名词（代词）＋副词
With John away, we’ve got more room
约翰离开了，我们就有更多的空间。
Anderson was lying on the bed with his clothes on.
安德生和衣卧床。
The boy stood there, with his head down.
那个男孩站在那儿，耷拉着脑袋。
With production up by 60 ％, the company has had another excellent year．
产量上升了60 ％, 公司又是一个好年景。
With his wife away, he felt mirable.
妻子走了，他觉得悲哀。
4 with＋名词＋名词 或with ＋名词（代词）＋名词
They died with their son a teenage.
他们死去的时候，儿子刚刚十几岁。
With tears of joy in her eyes, she saw her daughter married.
含着幸福的泪水，她看着女儿出嫁。
She ud to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion．
她从前总爱在晚上坐着看书，她的宠物狗便是她唯一的伙伴。
5 with＋名词＋ing形式 或with ＋名词（代词）＋ing形式
With winter coming on, it is time to buy warm clothes.
冬天来了，该买冬衣了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill.
由于妈妈生病，我不能去度假。
I couldn't do my homework with all that noi going on.
吵吵闹闹的，我无法做作业。
With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace.
在人群的欢呼声中，他们驱车来到了皇宫。
She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her．
她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊，孩子在旁边玩。
The boy lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky.
小男孩躺在草地上，两眼望着天空。
6 with＋名词＋ed分词 或with ＋名词（代词）＋ed分词
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.
整个下午他闭门工作。
She sat with her head bent.
她低垂的头坐着。
It was a pity that the great writer died with his works unfinished.
真可惜，大作家去世的时候，作品尚未完成。
She said nothing, with her eyes fixed on the floor.
她眼睛盯着地板，一言不发。
I think we can leave with our heads held high．
我认为我们可以昂首离去。
7 with＋名词＋不定式 蒙昧的意思或with ＋名词（代词）＋不定式超萌可爱图片
So in the afternoon, with nothing to do, I went round of the bookshops.
整个下午，无所事事，我就到书店逛逛。
I can’t go out with all the dishes to wash.
盘子都没洗，我不能这样就出去。
With no one to talk to, I felt lonely.
没有人可以交谈，我觉得孤单。
With so much work to do, we had to sit up through the night.
有这么多工作要做，我们不得不彻夜不眠。
With Mary to help him, he is sure to succeed.
有玛丽的帮助，他一定能成功。
