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(1) The first question is the difference between speech activity langage, speech parole, and langue. Saussure believes that conversation spans the fields of physics, physiology, and psychology, and it also belongs to the field of individuals and society. Speech activity consists of two parts. The first part is the main one, which is actually the future of society and the language of individuals. This rearch is purely psychological. The cond part is condary, it takes the personal part of speech activity, that is speech, which includes pronunciation as the object of study, and it is psychophysical. To u an analogy, language can be said to be a score, and speech is a performance.
(2) The cond aspect refers to the fact that language is a symbol system. Another metaphor that needs to be ud here is that language can be said to be an algebra with only complex terms. The combination of the concept and the sound image is called the sign, the concept is called the signified signifie, and the sound image is called the signifier signifiant. So what are the characteristics of this esntially mental language symbol?
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Saussure pointed out two characteristics:
A. The sign is arbitrary, which means that it is unarguable, that is, it is arbitrary for the referent that has no natural connection with it in real life. Since the symbols are arbitrary, why don't we e the pervasive sudden changes in the speech that the symbols make up?问早安的图片
There are four factors that hinder this change, the first is the arbitrariness of the sign, which in itlf actually makes language shun all attempts to make it change, and the cond, that constitutes any language, it must be The fact that there are a large number of symbols makes it difficult to change the symbols, and thirdly, the nature of the language system is too complex, becau the system is complex, and people have to think deeply to master it. The fourth is collective inertia, which will produce a resistance to all language innovations. Among all social systems, "language is the least suitable for innovation, it is integrated with the life of the public, and the latter is inherently Inertness is a conrvative factor. Language has a stable nature not only becau it is tied to the co
llective rock, but also becau it is in time. The two things are inparable. Whenever there is an association with the past, there is an impediment to freedom of choice."
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B. The linearity of the signifier, the signifier belongs to the auditory nature and can only be expanded in time, and has the characteristics of borrowing time. First, it reflects a length, and cond, this length can only be in one dimension, on Determination, it is a straight line, which is as important as the law of the arbitrariness of signs, upon which the whole apparatus of language depends.
(3) The difference between internal linguistics and external linguistics. Saussure ud chess as a metaphor in many places. For example, he said, replacing wooden pieces with ivory pieces, this change is irrelevant to the system, but if the number of pieces is reduced or incread, this change will deeply affect the game. Following a rule, he propod, "everything that changes the system in any way is internal.
(4) The systemicity of language and the value of symbols. The symbols of language are not purely the facts of language, but the constituent elements of the system. This system
reprents language. The function of the symbols entering the system is determined by the relationship between the various elements of the system. Language is a system, and all the elements in this system form a whole. Here Saussure once again us the metaphor of chess. He believes that chess can be attributed to the position of each piece, language is a system bad only on the opposition of his specific units, and the state of playing chess is equivalent to the state of language. , the value of each piece is determined by their position on the chessboard. Similarly, in language, each element has its value becau it is in opposition to other elements.
"The system is always only temporary, and will change from one state to another, and it is true that the value is also determined first of all by the unchanging statute, that is, the rules of chess, which existed before the start of chess, and are played every time. After a chess move, it continues to exist, and language also has such a rule that once recognized, it exists forever, and that is the eternal rule of miotics.”
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Saussure put forward that "language is a form, not an entity. The concept of value is the b
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asic concept of Saussure's linguistics. The concept of identity is often combined with the concept of value. Value contains units, concrete entities and reality. The concept of value. Since value determines the function of symbols, the concept of value is one of the concepts with pivotal significance in the system of Saussure's linguistics.
