宏观经济学概念：
Microeconomics（微观经济学）:the study of how houholds and firms make decisions and how the interact in markets
Macroeconomics（宏观经济学）:the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation, unemployment,and economic growth
Gross domestic product(GDP)（国内生产总值）:the market value of all final goods and rvices produced within a country in a given period of time
马的性格
Consumption（消费）:spending by houholds on goods and rvices,with the exception of purcha of new housing
Investment（投资）:spending on capital equipment,inventories,and structures,including houhold purcha of new housing
Government purchas（政府购买）:spending on goods and rvices by local,state,and federal governments
Net exports（净出口）:spending on domestically produced goods by foreigners(exports)minus spending on foreign goods by domestic residents(imports)
中共八大的意义Nominal GDP（名义GDP）:the production of goods and rvices valued at current prices
Real GDP（实际GDP）:the production of goods and rvices valued at constant prices
GDP deflator（GDP平减指数）:a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times100
Consumer price index（CPI）（居民消费指数）:a measure of the overall cost of the goods and rvices bought by a typical consumer
Nominal interest rate（名义利率）:the interest rate as usually reported without a correction for the effects of inflation
Real interest rate（真实利率）:the interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation Productivity（生产率）:the amount of goods and rvices produced for each hour of a worker's time
Physical capital（物质资本）:the stock of equipment and structures that are ud to produce goods and rvices
Human capital（人力资源）:the knowledge and skills that workers acquire though education, training,and experience
Natural resources（自然资源）:the inputs into the production of goods and rvices that are provided by nature,such as land,rivers,and mineral deposits
Technological knowledge（技术知识）:society's understanding of the best ways to produce goods and rvices
Diminishing returns（收益递减）:the property whereby the benefit from an extra unit of an input declines as the quantity of the input increas
世界上最大的国家Catch-up effect（追赶效应）:the property whereby countries that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly than countries that start off rich
Financial markets（金融市场）:financial institutions through which savers can directly provide funds to borrowers
Financial intermediaries（金融中介机构）:financial institutions through which savers can indirectly provide funds to borrowers
National saving（saving）（国民储蓄）:the total income in the economy that remains after paying for consumption and government purchas
Provide saving（私人储蓄）:the income that houholds have left after paying for taxes and consumption
Public saving（公共储蓄）:the tax revenue that the government has left after paying for its spending
Budget surplus（预算盈余）:an excess of tax revenue over government spending
Budget deficit（预算赤字）:a shortfall of tax revenue from government spending
Crowding out（挤出效应）:a decrea in investment that results from government borrowing Labor force（劳动力）:the total number of workers,including both the employed and the unemployed
Unemployment rate（失业率）:the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
Labor-force participation rate（劳动力参与率）:the percentage of the adult population that is in the labor force
Natural rate of unemployment（自然失业率）:the normal rate of unemployment around which the unemployment rate fluctuates
Cyclical unemployment（周期性失业率）:the deviation of unemployment from its natural rate Discouraged workers（丧失信心的工人）:individuals who would like to work but have given up looking for job
Frictional unemployment（摩擦性失业率）:unemployment that results becau the number of jobs available in some labor markets is insufficient to provide a job for every who wants one Unemployment insurance（失业保险）:a government program that partially protects workers' incomes when they become unemployed
Money（货币）:the t of asts in an economy that people regularly u to buy goods and rvices from other people
春望的赏析Commodity money（商品货币）:money that takes the from of a commodity with intrinsic value Fiat money（法定货币）:money without intrinsic value that is ud as money becau government decree
Currency（通货）:the paper bills and coins in the hands of the public距离中考
Demand deposits（活期存款）:balances in bank accounts that depositors can access on demand by writing a check
Central bank（中央银行）:an institution designed to overe the banking system and regulate the quantity of money in the economy
Money supply（货币供给）:the quantity of money available in the economy
Rerves（准备金）:deposits that banks have received but have not loaned out
Fractional-rerve banking（部分准备金）:a banking system in which banks hold only a fraction of deposits as rerves
Rerve requirement（法定准备金）:the Fed places a minimum on the amount of rerves that banks hold
Excess rerves（超额准备金）:bands may hold rerves that banks hold
Rerve ratio（准备金率）:the fraction of deposits that banks hold as rerves
Money multiplier（货币乘数）:the amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of rerves
Open-market operations（公开市场操作）:the purcha and sale of U.S.Government bonds by the Fed
k3路由器Discount rate（再贴现率）:the interest rate on the loans that the Fed makes to banks
Quantity theory of money （货币数量论）:a theory asrting that the quantity of money available determines the price level and that the growth rate in the quantity of money available determines the inflation rate
Nominal variables （名义变量）:variables measured in monetary units
Real variables （真是变量）:variables measured in physical units
Classical dichotomy （古典二分法）:the theoretical paration of nominal and real variables
Monetary neutrality （货币中性）:the proposition that changes in the money supply do not affect real variables
Quantity equation （数量方程式）:the equation M ×V=P ×Y,which relates the quantity of money,the velocity of money,and the dollar value of the economy's output of goods and rvices
Fisher effect （费雪效应）:the one-for-one adjustment of the nominal interest rate to the inflation rate
Net exports （净出口）:the value of a nation's exports minus the value of its imports;also called the trade balance
Net capital outflow （净资本流出）:the purcha of foreign asts by domestic residents minus the purcha of domestic asts by foreigners
Nominal exchange rate （名义汇率）:the rate at which a person can trade the currency of one country for the currency of another
Real exchange rate （真实汇率）:the rate at which a person can trade the goods and rvices of one country for the goods and rvices of another
Purchasing-power parity （购买力平价）:a theory of exchange rates whereby a unit of any given currency should be able to buy the same quantity of goods in all countries
Capital flight （资本逃出）:a large and sudden reduction in the demand for asts located in a country
Theory of liquidity preference （流动性偏好理论）:Keynes'theory that the interest rate adjusts to bring money supply and money demand into balance
宏观经济学公式：
Y=C+I+G+NX
GDP deflator （GDP 平减指数）=GDP
Real GDP Norminal 100×Inflation rate in year 2=%1001
year in CPI 1year in CPI -2year in CPI ×Salary in 2001dollars=1931in level peice 2011
三本先生in level price dollars 1931in salary ×
Real interest rate （真实GDP ）=nominal interest rate-inflation rate
Unemployment rate （失业率）=100force
labor unemployed of number ×Labor-force participation （劳动力参与率）=
100population adult force labor ×The money multiplier=为法定准备金率）（r r
1
V=(P×Y)/M NCO=NX S=I+NCO How the consumer price index is calculated:
1.Fix the basket
2.Find the prices
3.Compute the basket's cost
4.Choo a ba year and compute the index
5.Compute the inflation rate
Problems in measuring the cost of living
1)Substitution bias
2)Introduction of new goods
幼师教案
3)Unmeasured quality change
Money has3functions in the economy
1.Medium of exchange（交易媒介）
2.Unit of account（记账单位）
3.Store of value（价值储藏）
