* APPENDIX G
MILITARY OPERATIONS ON URBANIZED TERRAIN
(MOUT) UNDER RESTRICTIVE CONDITIONS
Across the operational continuum, and especially during OOTW,
commanders can expect to encounter restrictions on their u of
firepower during M0UT. Basic doctrinal principles remain the same,
but the tactics, techniques, and procedures may have to be modified to
stay within established rules of engagement and to avoid unnecessary
collateral damage.
G-1. HIGH-INTENSITY, PRECISION, AND SURGICAL MOUT
Infantrymen conduct MOUT under many varying conditions across the
spectrum of conflict. The conditions range from large-scale, high-intensity
combat, through isolated actions against armed belligerents mixed with noncombatants, to peace operations that may remble dangerous police work
more than traditional combat in built-up areas. Changes from high-intensity
MOUT to precision or surgical MOUT are a result of significant alterations in
the existing conditions of METT-T and of the imposition of overriding
strategic political considerations. The alterations normally require that units
modify the way they fight in urban areas. Unfortunately, there are no clear
boundaries that delineate the change from high-intensity to precision to
surgical MOUT. The terms are merely expressions ud to describe the US
force’s degree of nsitivity to political considerations during the operation
being conducted.
a. High-Intensity MOUT. Infantry units must be prepared at all times to
conduct violent combat under conditions of high-intensity MOUT. The
conditions are combat actions against a determined enemy occupying prepared
positions or conducting planned attacks. High-intensity MOUT requires the coordinated application of the full combat power of the joint combined arms
team. An infantry unit’s mission is normally to ize, clear, or defend urban
terrain, engaging and defeating the enemy by the u of whatever force is necessary.Although the changing world situation may have made
high-intensity MOUT less likely, it reprents the high end of the combat
spectrum, and units must be trained for it. High-intensity MOUT is the most
stressful of all operations in urban areas and can be casualty-intensive for both
sides. Even though the full integrated firepower of the joint combined arms
team is brought to bear on the enemy, commanders must still make attempts to
limit unnecessary destruction and casualties among noncombatants.
b. Precision MOUT. Infantry units of all types must routinely expect to
operate under conditions of precision MOUT, especially during OOTW.
Under precision MOUT conditions, either the enemy is thoroughly mixed with
the noncombatants or political considerations require that the ROE be significantly more restrictive than under high-intensity MOUT conditions.
G-1
C1, FM 90-10-1
Infantry operations under conditions of precision MOUT normally involve
combat action. Some of this combat can be quite violent for short periods. It is
marked, however, by conscious acceptance by US forces of the need to focus
and restrain the combat power ud. The commander may bring overwhelming
force to bear, but only on specific portions of the urban area occupied by the
enemy. He may choo different TTP in order to remain within the bounds of
the more restrictive ROE. Tighter ROE demands strict accountability of
individual and unit actions. When preparing for precision MOUT operations,
the commander must realize that not only are the ROE changing but also the
TTP. The changes require that soldiers be given time to train for the specific
operation. For example, when clearing a room, units may modify the
procedure of first throwing a grenade into the room before entering. This may
be done to lesn the possible casualties among noncombatants intersperd
with the enemy. Additional training on clo quarters battle techniques may be
necessary before the soldiers are prepared to execute the mission.
c. Surgical MOUT. Operations conducted under surgical MOUT conditions
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include special-purpo raids, small precision strikes, or small-scale personnel领导者的素质
izure or recovery operations in a MOUT environment. They may cloly
remble US police operations by Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) teams
and are usually conducted by special operations forces. They may even involve
cooperation between US forces and host nation police. Though regular units may
not be involved in the actual surgical operation, they may support it by isolating
the area or providing curity or crowd control.
G-2. RULES OF ENGAGEMENT
The unified commander issues the rules of engagement for tactical forces. The
ROE are bad on the commander’s analysis of his guidance from the National
Command Authority, the mission that he has been given, the existing threat,
the laws of land warfare, and any host nation or third-world country
constraints on US forces.
a. The political concerns ud while developing the ROE may appear to
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conflict with the physical curity needs of the infantry force. Politically
driven constraints must be weighed against the potential risks to mission
accomplishment and to the force itlf. ROE must be practical, realistic,
宝黛>由来understandable, and enforceable. Commanders at all levels can affect the ROE
by suggesting changes or requesting clarification or modifications. Like the
mission, ROE must be tailored to the day-to-day changes in the conditions and
threats that face the US forces.
b. Whatever the situation that has called for restricted ROE, infantry forces
will then be operating in a dangerous, yet highly constrained, environment.
This demands the highest degree of patience, training, and dedication on the
part of the military force. An example of ROE ud during Operation Just
Cau is shown in Figure G-1. It is not intended to be ud as a sole source
document for developing ROE, but as an example of how political
considerations during an OOTW mission were translated by the commander
into specific ROE.
G-2
C1, FM 90-10-1
G-3
C1, FM 90-10-1
G-4
C1, FM 90-10-1
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G-3. IMPACT OF CIVILIANS ON MOUT
The prence of large concentrations of civilian noncombatants constrains
employment of combat power during tactical operations.
a. Mobility. Civilians attempting to escape over roads can block military
movement. Commanders should plan routes to be ud by civilians and should
ek the assistance of the military and civil police in traffic control.
b. Firepower. The prence of civilians and the desire to limit collateral
damage can restrict the u of fires and reduce the firepower available to a
commander. Selected areas may be designated as “no fire” areas in order to
prevent civilian casualties and damage to important urban structures, or for
other reasons. Some areas may be limited to the u of small arms and
grenades only, with prohibitions on air strikes, artillery, mortars, and flame.
Target acquisition and the conduct of indirect-fire missions may be
complicated by the requirement for positive target identification. Detailed
guidance on the u of firepower in the prence of civilians will normally be
published by the division G3. When no guidance is available, the general rules
of the law of land warfare always apply.
c. Logistical Support and Civil Order. Commanders at all levels
automatically assume the burden of ensuring the bare necessities of life to all
civilian noncombatants that fall under their control during MOUT. Depending
on the situation, protection, food, water, shelter, and medical care may be
provided in special refuges established for that purpo, or they may be
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provided in place by some other organization. Whatever the final arrangement,
US commanders should expect to exerci control and provide support until
long-term arrangements can be made.
G-4. CIVILIAN INFLUENCE ON ENEMY AND FRIENDLY
OPERATIONS
Noncombatant civilians in an urban environment and the political tting
influence both enemy and friendly operations.
G-5
C1, FM 90-10-1
a. Enemy Operations.The operations cover the spectrum from
terrorism to well-organized military operations. The enemy may be
special-purpo forces or insurgents that have the ability to operate freely
throughout a city due to having the appearance of civilians. Conventional
enemy forces may choo to occupy specific urban areas that civilians have
not been able to evacuate. The swift occupation of a city may cau civilians
to be trapped between opposing forces. This enhances the enemy’s ability to
defend.
b. Friendly Operations. A critical aspect of friendly operations is the
ROE. Examples of different ROEs that US forces ud during urban battles
are Aachen during World War II in 1944 and Panama City “Just Cau” in
1990. Aachen typified ROE that permitted the free u of most munitions to
eliminate the enemy. Panama City, on the other hand, showed US forces
operating under very restrictive ROE.
(1) Offensive operations by friendly forces must consider the potential u of
precision-guided munitions to achieve identified objectives while avoiding
unnecessary collateral damage. Precision operations also include sniper and
countersniper operations by both special forces personnel and conventional forces.
(2) When civilian personnel are prent or are thought to be prent in the
objective area, the rules of engagement must be identified and known by all
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personnel before engaging targets or entering and clearing a room or building.
(3) Psychological operations or civil affairs teams can help remove
civilians before a battle starts. Once the objective area has been isolated,
PSYOP teams can also be ud to induce enemy personnel to surrender.
G-5. USE OF NONLETHAL WEAPONS DURING MOUT
Nonlethal weapons are discriminate weapons that are explicitly designed and employed to incapacitate personnel or materiel while minimizing fatalities
and undesired damage to property and the environment. Nonlethal weapons
are not guaranteed to be totally nonlethal anymore than lethal weapons are
totally lethal. Some fatalities may result from employment of nonlethal
weapons. The u of the term nonlethal is not intended to be misleading but to
covey the intention to be able to achieve military objectives while greatly
reducing fatalities.
a. Unlike weapons that permanently destroy targets through blast
fragmentation or penetration, nonlethal weapons have one, or both, of the
following characteristics:
(1) They u means other than physical destruction to prevent the target
from functioning.
(2) They have relatively reversible effects. Even if they injure humans, the
injured will eventually recover.
b. The infantry has had some nonlethal weapons for years. Other weapons
reprent new developing technology. Examples of nonlethal weapons are as
follows:
(1) Riot control gas such as CS and CN.
(2) Incapacitating sprays such as Mace and Pepper Spray.
G-6
