高级中学课本英语第一册4-5课
高级中学课本英语第一册 4-5课 (2011-06-02 10:47:45)
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LES S O N FO UR
G ALILEO AND ARIS TO TLE
About 2,300 years ago, there lived in Greece a great thinker named Aristotle. He obrved that feathers fell to the ground slowly, while stones fell much faster. He thought it over carefully and concluded that heavy objects always fell faster than light ones. His conclusion certainly sounded reasonable. But we now know that it is not true.
In tho days people ldom did experiments to test their ideas. When they obrved anything that happened, they thought about it and then drew a conclusion. Once Aristotle had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light objects, he taught it as a truth to his students. And becau he was Aristotle, the great thinker, no one questioned his idea for almost 2,000 years.
Then, almost 400 years ago, an Italian scientist named Galileo began to question
Aristotle’s theory of falling objects. He was not ready to believe something just becau Aristotle said so. He decided to do some experiments to test Aristotle’s theory.
Galileo lived in the city of Pisa, where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high. From the top of the tower Galileo dropped a light ball and a heavy ball at exactly the same time. They both fell at about same speed and hit the ground together. He tried the experiment again and again. Every time he got the same result. At last, he decided that he had found the truth about falling objects. As we know now, heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speed unless air holds them back. A feather falls slower than a stone only becau the air holds the feather back more than it does the stone.
When Galileo told people of his discovery, no one would believe him. But Galileo was not discouraged. He went on doing experiments to test the truth of other old ideas. He built a telescope through which he could study the skies. He collected facts that proved the earth and all the other planets move around the sun.
Today we prai Galileo and call him one of the founders of modern science. He obrved things car
efully and never took anything for granted. Instead , he did experiments to test and prove an idea before he was ready to accept it.
An interesting experiment was done on the moon in July, 1971. One of the US astronauts who made the first deep space walk on the moon dropped a hammer and a feather together. They both landed on the surface of the moon at the same time. This experiment proved that Galileo’s theory of falling objects is true.
WO RDS AND EXPRES S IO NS
Galileo 伽利略（1564-1642，意大利物理学家和天文学家）
Aristotle 亚里斯多德（公元前384-322，希腊哲学家和科学家）
Greece n.希腊
thinker n.思想家
obrve vt. & vi.观察
feather n.羽毛
conclude vt. & vi.推断出，断定
object n.物体；目标
conclusion n.结论；推论 draw a conclusion得出结论
reasonable adj.有道理的，合情合理的
ldom adv.很少；不常
experiment n. & vi.实验，试验
once conj.一旦……（就……）
mind n.想法；意见；心情 make up one’s mind下决心
truth n.真理；真相
question vt. 对……提出疑问
Italian adj.意大利（人）的；意大利语的n.意大利人；意大利语
theory n.理论；原理
Pisa n.比萨（意大利中部一城市）
lean vi. & vt.（使）倾斜；靠leaning adj.斜倾的
tower n.塔
foot (pl. feet) n.英尺
at the same time同时；但，然而
again and again再三地，反复地
result n.结果；效果
unless conj.除非；如果……不……
hold …back阻止
discovery n.发现
discourage vt.使泄气discouraged adj.泄气的；失去信心的
telescope n.望远镜
prove vt.证明，证实
founder n.创立者，奠基者
迅捷无线网卡grant vt.假定……（正确）；（姑且）承认 take … for granted认为……当然
accept vt. & vi.承认；接受
astronaut n.宇宙航行员
hammer n.铁锤，木槌 vt.捶打
land vt. & vi.（使）登陆；（使）上岸；（使）降落 n.陆地；土地；国土
surface n.表面，水面
NOTES TO THE TEXT
1. GALILEO AND ARISTOTLE伽利略和亚里斯多德。伽利略（1564-1642），意大利物理学家和天文学
家。他主张研究自然界必须进行系统的观察和实验。通过实验，他推翻了向来奉为权威的亚里斯多德关于“物体落下的速度和重量成比例”的学说，建立了落体定律。亚里斯多德（公元前384-322），古希腊哲学家和科学家。
2. About 2,300 years ago, there lived in Greece a great thinker named Aristotle.大约两千
三百年以前，在希腊住着一位名叫亚里斯多德的伟大的思想家。在“there+be”结构中的谓语动词，有时不用be，而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他动词，如live, stand, come, lie等。又如：There stands a big tree on the top of the mountain.山顶上矗立着一棵大树。There came shouts for help from the river.从河那儿传来了“救命”的喊声。There lies a large wheat field in front of the hou.房前有一片广阔的麦地。
3. Once Aristotle had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light
objects, he taught it as a truth to his students.亚里斯多德一旦认定重的物体比轻的物体下落得快，就把这作为真理教给他的学生。once在这里是连词，意思是“一旦……（就）……”。又如：Once you
e him, you will never forget him.你一旦见到他，你就永远忘不了他。that引导的从句是短语动词made up his mind的宾语。as a truth中的as是介词，“作为”的意思。这个介词短语作状语，修饰taught。
4. Aristotle’s theory of falling objects亚里斯多德的落体学说（即关于“物体落下的速度和重
量成比例”的学说）。
5. He was not ready to believe something just becau Aristotle said so.他并不只是因为亚
里斯多德说过某事如何如何，就轻易相信它。
6. Galileo lived in the city of Pisa, …伽利略住在比萨城……of在这里表示同位关系。又如：
the city of Beijing北京市；the month of May五月
7. As we know now, heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speed unless air
holds them back.我们现在都知道，如果没有空气的阻力，重的物体和轻的物体下落的速度是一样的。
8. A feather falls slower than a stone only becau the air holds the feather back more
than it does the stone.羽毛比石头落得慢，只是因为空气的阻力对羽毛的影响比对石头的影响大。
9. When Galileo told people of his discovery, no one would believe him.当伽利略向人们讲述
自己的发现时，谁也不相信他。这里would表示意愿。
10. He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.他造了一架望远镜，使他能够研
究太空。through which he could study the skies是定语从句，修饰telescope。
喜羊羊与灰太狼之虎虎生威11. An interesting experiment was done on the moon in July, 1971.一九七一年七月，在月球上进行
了一项有趣的实验。这里指的是美国阿波罗十五号太空船于一九七一年七月廿六日登上月球。两名宇航员在月球上停留了六十六小时五十五分钟。
12. This experiment proved that Galileo’s theory of falling objects is true.这个实验证明伽
利略的落体学说是正确的。在that引导的宾语从句中，动词用一般现在时，表示伽利略的落体学说是真理。
G RAMMAR
定语从句（二）
Ⅱ)
u (
The At t ribut ive C la u (Ⅱ)
关系代词的用法
1. 关系代词whom，which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在主句和从句之间；为了使
关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面，如：1）This is the room in which we lived last year.（或This is the room which we lived in last year.）2）Who’s the comrade whom you just shook hands with?（或Who’s the comrade with whom you just shook
hands?）但含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面，如：1）Is this the book which she was looking for?2) The babies whom the nurs are looking after are very healthy（健康的）.关系代词that在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词不能放在它的前面，只能放在从句中有关动词的后面，
如：1）The man that you were talking about has come to our school.2) The room that she lives in is a large one.注：当介词放在从句中有关动词的后面时，关系代词that，whom，which在口语中和非正式文体中经常省略，如：1）This is the room we lived in last year.2) Who’s the comrade you just shook hands with?3) The man you were talking about has come to our school.农历二月初十
EXERC IS ES
Ⅰ. Read the text and then say whether the following ntences are right or wrong:1. Aristotle was a great Italian thinker about 2,300 years ago.（ ）2. About 2,300 years ago people always did experiments to test their ideas.（ ）3. Aristotle’s conclusion was that heavy objects always fell faster than light ones.（ ）4. Aristotle obrved that stones fell to the ground much faster than feathers.（ ）5. Aristotle taught his conclusion as a truth to his students.（ ）6. No one questioned Aristotle’s theory for almost 1,000 years.（ ）7.
Almost 400 years ago, Galileo, a Greece scientist did some experiments to test Aristotle’s theory of falling objects.（ ）8. Galileo dropped a heavy ball and a light ball at exactly the same time from the top of the 180-foot-high leaning tower of Pisa.（ ）9. The two balls fell to the ground at different speeds.（ ）10. A feather falls slower than a stone becau it is lighter than the stone.（ ）11. Wh
en Galileo told people of his discovery, everybody praid him.（ ）12. Today we prai Galileo, becau he not only obrved things carefully but also did experiments to test and prove an idea before he was ready to accept it.（ ）
Ⅱ. For each word or phra in Column A find a word or phra of similar meaning in Column B:
A B
1.accept 1. Decide
英语口语测试
2.unless 2. Watch
carefully3.drop 3.Something that can be en or touched4.make up one’s mind 4.fall, let fall5.obrve 5.if
not6.object 6.receive, take
Ⅲ. Rewrite the following ntences after the model:Model: I’ll go there if it doesn’t rain.→I’ll go there unless it rains.1. You’ll miss the train if you don’t hurry.2.
模因You’ll be late for the concert if you don’t start right now.3. I won’t write to him if he doesn’t write to me first.4. The fish will die if you don’t put it into the water at once.5. You can’t tell what it’s like if you haven’t en it.6. The dustmen wouldn’t go back to work if they didn’t get what they wanted.
Ⅳ. Complete the ntences by adding a preposition with either whom or which:1. The person I spoke just now is the manager that I told you about.2. The
pencil he was writing broke.3. Wu Dong, I went to the concert,
enjoyed it very much.4. The two things Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of English.5. Her bag, she put all her books, has not been found.6. The stories about the Long March, this is one example, are well
written.
Ⅴ. Join each pair of ntences, using one as an attributive clau:Model: He works in a middle school. There is a river in front of the school. → He works in a middle school, in front of which there is a river.1. He ud to live in a big hou. In front of it grew many banana trees.2. They pasd a factory. At the back of the factory there were rice fields.3.
The soldier ran to the building. On the top of it flew a flag.4. In the evening they arrived at a hill. At the foot of the hill there was a temple.5. She came into a big room. In the
middle of it stood a large table.
Ⅵ. Translate the following into English:1.如果你不出示通行证，门卫就不会让你进去。（unless）2.如果李雷不加紧努力，他就赶不上同班同学了。（unless）3.伽利略下定决心通过试验去验证亚里斯多德的理论。（to make up one’s mind）4.在没有认真考虑以前，请不要下结论。（to draw a conclusion）5.
他们两人以同样速度跑步，同时到达。（at the same speed）6.不要泄气，如果继续研究，你会找到答案的。（to be discouraged）
Ⅶ. Read the following passage, then answer the questions:
PENIC ILLIN
If you leave a piece of bread in a warm damp place, mould will soon grow on it. When this happens, we say the bread “has gone mouldy”. Mould can grow on all kinds of things besides food. It grows from spores which are in the air. If the conditions are right, a spore can quickly get around and form
a mould. This happens quite commonly. We have all probably en it. In 1928, Sir Alexander Fleming found that mould had killed some germs he was trying to grow in his lab. If he had not notice this, the world would have lost one of the greatest discoveries
of the century. Fleming called the substance ‘penicillin”.
Becau penicillin can kill germs, doctors u it to treat dias. It has saved millions of lives. Scientists grow large quantities of common mould so that they can get penicillin from it in order to make antibiotics, that is, substances that kill germs. Next time you e some mould on a piece of bread, remember that it is one of man’s greatest friends!
LES S O N FIVE
THE LO S T NEC KLAC E
Place: a park in Paris
运动会宣传稿100字Time: a summer afternoon in 1870
People: Mathilde Loil, wife
什么的温度
Pierre Loil husband
Jeanne Forrestier, their friend
(Jeanne is sitting in the park. Mathilde walks towards her, she stops and speaks to Jeanne.) Mathilde: Good afternoon, Jeanne.
Jeanne: (Looking at the other woman) I’m sorry, but I don’t think I know you.
Mathilde: No, you wouldn’t, but many years ago you knew me well. I’m Mathilde Loil. Jeanne: Mathilde! My old school friend. Is it possible? But yes, of cour it is. Now I remember. Where have you been all the years, Mathilde? I hope you weren’t ill. Mathilde: No, Jeanne, I wasn’t ill. You e here an old woman. But it’s becau of hard work – ten years of hard work.
Jeanne: But I don’t understand, Mathilde. There’s only one year between us; I’m thirty-five and you’re thirty-four. Can hard work change a person that much?
Mathilde: Yes, it can. Years of hard work, little food, only a cold room to live in and never, never a moment to rest. That has been my life for the past ten years.
Jeanne: Mathilde! I didn’t know. I’m sorry. But what happened?
Mathilde: Well, I would rather not tell you.
Jeanne: Oh, come, Mathilde. Surely you can tell and ole friend.
Mathilde: Well, … Well, it was all becau of that necklace. Your necklace.
Jeanne: My necklace?
Mathilde: Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your hou and borrowed a diamond necklace?
Jeanne: Let me think. Ten years ago … Oh, yes, I remember. You were going to the palace with your husband, I think.
Mathilde: Right. Pierre was working in a government office, and for the first time in our lives we were invited to an important ball.
(The scene changes to that evening in the home of Pierre and Mathilde Loil.)
Pierre: Yes, Mathilde, we’re going to the ball, the palace ball!
Mathilde: I can’t believe it!
Pierre: But it’s true.
Mathilde: Oh, pierre, how wonderful! But I haven’t got a dress for the ball!
Pierre: What does a new evening dress cost?
Mathilde: About four hundred francs.
Pierre: Four hundred! That’s a lot of money. But perhaps, just this once, we’ll u what we have to get a new dress for you. This ball is very important to me. I was the only
person in my office who was invited.
Mathilde: Thank you, Pierre, you’re so kind. Oh! But there’s one other thing…
Pierre: What is it, Mathilde?
Mathilde: I… I have no jewelry.
Pierre: Jewelry? Do you need jewelry? Why not just a flower?
Mathilde: To go to the palace with just a flower is to say “I’m poor. I haven’t got any jewelry.”
Pierre: Can’t you borrow some jewelry from a friend, Mathilde?
Mathilde: Which friend? My friends are all poor, too.
Pierre: Let me think. How about Jeanne? She married well. Perhaps she has some.
Mathilde: Ah, yes, Jeanne. She married a man with a lot of money. I’ll go and e her on Friday, after I get the new dress.
Pierre: I’m sure she has something you can borrow.
(The scene changes back to the park. Mathilde continues to tell Jeanne her story)
Mathilde: One Friday I came to e you, Jeanne. Remember?
Jeanne: Yes, Mathilde, I remember.
Mathilde: You were very kind. You brought out your jewelry and told me to take anything I wanted.
Jeanne: (Smiling) You were like a little girl. Your eyes became so big.
Mathilde: There were so many things and they were all beautiful. It was hard to choo. Jeanne: Until you saw the diamond necklace.
Mathilde: Yes, and then I knew I wanted to borrow the necklace. I didn’t want anything el, only the necklace.
Jeanne: I’m sure you looked beautiful that evening, Mathilde. You were always a very pretty girl.
Mathilde: Perhaps in tho days I was, but everything changed after that night at the palace. Jeanne: Didn’t you have a good time at the ball?
Mathilde: Yes, a very good time, but that was the last time… the last happy evening for the next ten years.
Jeanne: But why, Mathilde?
Mathilde: On the way home I looked down at my dress and saw that the necklace was gone. I told Pierre. We returned to the palace and looked in every room, but couldn’t find it. I
never saw your necklace again, Jeanne.
Jeanne: But Mathilde, you brought it back to me the next afternoon. I remember very well. Mathilde: Yes, Jeanne, I brought a necklace to you. It was exactly like your necklace but it was
a different one. I hope it was as good as the one you lent me. It cost us thirty-six桶自洁功能怎么用
thousand francs.
Jeanne: Thirty-six thousand!
Mathilde: Yes, Pierre and I borrowed the money and bought it. During the next ten years we both worked night and day to pay for it. That is why you e this old woman before you now, Jeanne. Well, after all the years we’ve at last paid off all our debts.
Jeanne: But Mathilde, my dear friend, that wasn’t a real diamond necklace you borrowed from me. It was made of glass. It was worth five hundred francs at the most.
WO RDS AND EXPRES S IO NS
Necklace n.项链，项圈Mathilde Loil 玛蒂尔德.卢瓦泽尔（人名）Jeanne Forrestier让娜.福雷斯蒂埃（人名）possible adj.可能的rather adv.宁可，宁愿；相当surely adv.确定，一定；当然becau of
因为diamond n.金刚石，钻石government n.政府ball n.舞会scene n.一场；布景；场面cost vi.值（多少钱）n.成本；价钱；费用franc n.法郎（法国、比利时、瑞士等国的货币单位）jewelry n.（总称）珠宝；珠宝饰物continue vi. & vt.继续；连续pretty adj.漂亮的；美丽的pay off 还清debt n.债at the most至多，不超过
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