1 Absolute advantage: 绝对优势 The greater efficiency that one nation may have have over over over another another another in in in the the the production production production of of of a a commodity.This commodity.This was was was the the the basis basis basis for for trade for Adam Smith.
2 Ad valorem tariff: 从价税 A tariff expresd as a fixed percentage of the value of a traded commodity.
3 Balance of payments: 收支平衡 A summary statement of all the international transactions of the residents of a nation with the rest of the world during a particular period of time,usually a year.
4 Balanced growth: 均衡增长 Equal rates of factor growth and technological progress in the production of both commodities.
5 Buffer stocks: 缓冲存货The type of international commodity agreement The type of international commodity agreement that that involves the purcha of the commodity(to be added to the stock)when the commodity price falls below an agreed minimum price,and the sale of the commodity out of the stock when the commodity price ris above the established maximum price.
6 Constant opportunity costs: 机会成本不变The constant amount of a commodity that must be given up to produce each additional unit of another commodity.
7 Community indifference curve: 社会无差异曲线The curve that shows the various combinations of two commodity yielding equal satisfaction to the community or nation.Community indifference curves are negatively sloped,convex from the origin,and should not cross.
去职8 Compound tariff: 混合关税A combination of an ad valorem and a specific tariff.
9 Customs union: 关税同盟Removes all barriers on trade among members and harmonizes trade policies toward the rest of the world.The best example is the European Union(EU).
10 Common market：共同市场 Removes all barriers on trade among
members,harmonizes trade policies toward members,harmonizes trade policies toward the the rest of the world,and rest of the world,and also also also allows allows the free movement of labor and capital among member nations.An example is the European Union(EU)since January 1,1993.
11 Dumping: 倾销 The export of a commodity at below cost or at a lower price than sold domestically.
12 Direct investments：直接投资 Real investments in factories,capital goods,land,and inventories where both capital and management are involved and the investor retains control over the u of the
invested capital.
13 Free trade area：自由贸易区 Removes all barriers on trade among members,but each nation restains its own barriers on trade with nonmembers.The best example are the EFTA,NAFTA,and Mercosur.
营改增的意义14 Factor-price equalization(H-O) theorem：要素禀赋（赫克歇尔—俄林）理论The part of the H-O theory that predicts,under highly restrictive assumptions,that international trade will bring about equalization in relative
and absolute returns to homogeneous factors across nations.
15 Heckscher-Ohlin(H-O) theory：赫克歇尔—俄林理论The theory that postulates that(1)a nation exports commodities intensive in its relatively abundant and cheap factor and(2)international trade brings about equalization in returns to homogeneous factors across countries.
16 Interdependence：相互依赖The (economic) relationships among nation.
costs：机会成本递增The increasing amounts of one 17 Increasing opportunity c osts:
鼓楼
commodity that a nation must give up to relea just enough resources to produce each additional unit of another commodity.This is reflected in a production frontier that is concave from the origin.
18 International cartel: 国际卡特尔An organization of suppliers of a commodity located in different nations(or a group of governments) that agrees to restrict output and exports of the commodity with the aim of maximizing or increasing the total profits of the organization.An international cartel that behaves as a monopolist is called a centralized cartel.
19 Income terms of trade：收入贸易条件The ratio of the price index of the nation’s exports to the price index of its imports times the index of the nation’s volume of exports.
20 Immirizing growth：悲惨性增长The situation where a nation’s terms of
trade deteriorate so much as a result of growth that the nation is wor off after growth than before,even if growth without trade tends to improve the nation’s welfare.
21 Leontief paradox：里昂惕夫之谜The empirical finding that U.S import substitutes were more K intensive than U.S exports.This is contrary to the H-O有哪些国家过春节
trade model,which predicts that,as the most K-abundant nation,the United States should import L-int
ensive products and export K-intensive products.
22 Marginal rate of transformation(MRT): 边际转换率The amount of one commodity commodity that that that a a a nation nation nation must must must give give give up up up to to produce produce each each each additional additional additional unit unit of another commodity.This is another name for the opportunity cost of a commodity and is given by the slope of the production frontier at the point of production. 23 Marginal rate of substitution(MRS)：边际替代率 The amount of one commodity that a nation could give up in exchange for one extra unit of cond commodity and still remain on the same indifference curve.It is given by the slope of the community indifference curve at the point of consumption and declines as the nation consumes more of the cond commodity.
24 Multinational corporations(MNCs):
跨国公司 Firms that own,control,or manage production and distribution facilities in veral countries. 25 Optimum tariff：适稅 The rate of tariff that maximizes the benefit resulting from improvement in the nation's terms of trade against the negative effect resulting from reduction in the volume of trade.
26 Pattern of trade:
贸易格局The commodities exported and imported by each nation.
27 Production possibility frontier：生产可能性曲线 A curve showing the various alternative combinations of two commodities that a nation can produce by fully utilizing all of its resources with the best technology available to it.
28 Prohibitive tariff: 禁止性关税A tariff sufficiently high to stop all international trade so that the nation returns to autarky.
29 Persistent dumping: 连续性倾销The continuous tendency of a domestic monopolist to maximize total profits by lling the commodity at a lower price abroad than domestically;also called international price discriminztion.
30 Predatory dumping: 掠夺性倾销The temporary sale of commodity at a lower price abroad in order to drive foreign producers out of business,after which
prices are raid to take advantage of the newly acquired monopoly power abroad. 31 Preferential trade arrangements : 优惠贸易安排The loost from of economic integration;provides lower barriers to trade among participating
nations than on trade with nonparticipating nations.An example is the British Commonwealth Preference Scheme.
32 Purcha contracts:
练肱二头肌.购货契约Long-term multilateral agreements that stipulate the minimum price at which importing nations agree to purcha a specified quantity of the commodity and a maximum price at which exporting nations agree to ll specified amounts of the commodity.
半自主性细胞器
33 Portfolio Portfolio investments:investments: 投资组合The purcha of purely financial asts,such as bonds and stocks(if the stock purcha reprents less than 10 percent of the stock of a corporation),usu期望的近义词
月光的吟34 Stolper-Samuelson theorem: 施托尔珀－萨缪尔森定理
It postulates that free international trade reduces the real income of the nation's relatively scarce factor and increas the real income of the nation's relatively abundant factor.
35 Specific tariff: 从量税 A tariff expresd as a fixed sum per unit of a traded commodity.
36 Sporadic dumping: 偶尔倾销The occasional sale of a commodity at a lower price abroad than domestically in order to ll an unforeen and temporary surplus of the commodity abroad without having to reduce domestic prices.
37 Terms of trade: 贸易条件The ratio of The ratio of the index price the index price the index price of a nation's export of a nation's export to its import commodities.
38 Trade creation：贸易创造 Occurs when some domestic production in a member of the customs union is replaced by lower-cost imports from another member nation.This increas welfare.
39 Trade diversion：贸易转移 Occurs when lowercost imports from outside the union are replaced by higher-cost imports from another union member.By itlf,this reduces welfare.
40 Transfer pricing: 转移价格 The overpricing or underpricing of products in the intrafirm trade of multinational corporations in an attempt to shift income and profits from high-to low-tax nations.
