指示语deixis
话语中跟语境相联系的表示指示信息的词语，就叫做指示语。指示是语用研究中一个重要概念，涉及到一些词语，如代词、称谓、时间处所词语等。这些词语的具体或确切的指称意义，必须结合具体的语境，才能准确理解。
指示语主要有：
1、人称指示。称指示是话语中关于人物人称的指示。最典型的是人称代词，又分第一人称指示、第二人称指示、第三人称指示。
2、时间指示。时间指示是话语中关于时间的指示。时间是一个抽象的概念，人们只能人为地选定一些参照点。在言语交际中，时间指示是以说话时刻作为参照点来计算和理解的。
3、空间指示。空间指示是话语中关于处所、方位的指示。空间指示主要有：表示方位和处所的名词、副词、指示代词，具有位移意义的动词如“来”“去”“走”“离开”“到达”等。
4、话语指示。话语指示又称语段指示、上下文指示，是用来指明话语中部分与部分之间关
系的。由于言语交际是在一定的时间、空间中展开的，所以话语指示与时间指示、空间指示有密切关系，有些时间指示、空间指示同时也是话语指示。
体育名人 5、社交指示。社交指示是用来指明发话人和受话人之间，或发话人跟所谈及的人（第三方、之间的社会关系的词语。
Deixis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In linguistics, deixis refers to the phenomenon wherein understanding the meaning of certain words and phras in an utterance 图书馆活动requires contextual information. Words are deictic if their mantic meaning is fixed but their denotational meaning varies depending on time and/or place. Words or phras that require contextual information to convey any meaning - for example, English pronouns - are deictic. Deixis is cloly related to both indexicality and anaphora, as will be further explained below. Although this article deals primarily with deixis in spoken language, the concepts can apply to written languag
e, gestures, and communication media as well. And even though this article is primarily concerned with English, deixis is believed to be a feature (to some degree) of all natural languages.[1] The term’s origin is Ancient Greek: δεῖξις ""display, demonstration, or reference"", the meaning "point of reference" in contemporary linguistics having been taken over from Chrysippus.[2
Types of deixis
[edit]Traditional categories
Possibly the most common categories of contextual information referred to by deixis are tho of person, place, and time - what Fillmore calls the “major grammaticalized types” of deixis.[3]
[edit]Person
Person deixis concerns itlf with the grammatical persons involved in an utterance, (1) t
ho directly involved (e.g. the speaker, the addre), (2) tho not directly involved (e.g. overhearers—tho who hear the utterance but who are not being directly addresd), and (3) tho mentioned in the utterance.[4] In English, the distinctions are generally indicated by pronouns. The following examples show how. (The person deictic terms are in 我国面积最大的岛屿italics [a signaling notation that will continue through this article].)
I am going to the movies.月影下
新生儿奶粉量Would you like to have dinner?
黄花菜炒肉的做法
They tried to hurt me, but he came to the rescue.
Gender
In many languages, that only have male and female, referring to gender neutral subjects has different aspects. Objects , or things have their own gender too between male or female. When referring to a genderless object, it is often referred to as a male, though the object is genderless. In the English language, when referring to any character that has no
gender, a lf-aware entity, it is referred to a male, or as a "He", such as an "it" is inappropriate when calling the ntient object a thing. In many languages, they would address to people as in male, such as a group mixed with men and women is referred to as a male, such as Ils in French. An example would be :
A man is responsible for his own soul
as oppod to
Each person is responsible for his or her own soul
common in many religious text referring to people of all genders using only the male gender. This can be understood in context, the male gender being ud to signify male or female persons.
Place
Place deixis, also known as space deixis, concerns itlf with the spatial locations releva
nt to an utterance. Similarly to person deixis, the locations may be either tho of the speaker and addre or tho of persons or objects being referred to. The most salient English examples are the adverbs “here” and “there”and the demonstratives “this” and “that” - although tho are far from being the only deictic words.[3]
Some examples:
I enjoy living in this city.
Here 立秋时节is where we will place the statue.
She was sitting over there.
Unless otherwi specified, place deictic terms are generally understood to be relative to the location of the speaker, as in
The shop is across the street.
where “across the street” is understood to mean “across the street from where I am right now.”[3] 国际军棋It is interesting to note that while “here” and “there” are often ud to refer to locations near to and far from the speaker, respectively, “there” can also refer to the location of the addre, if they are not in the same location as the speaker. So, while
Here is a good spot; it is too sunny over there.exemplifies the former usage,
How is the weather there?is an example of the latter.[4]
Languages usually show at least a two-way referential distinction in their deictic system: proximal, i.e. near or clor to the speaker, and distal, i.e. far from the speaker and/or clor to the addre. English exemplifies this with such pairs as this and that, here and there, etc.
