岩层产状及接触关系Rock layer occurrence and contact relations
岩层Rock layer
地表分布最广的岩石是沉积岩，它最重要的特征是具层理，其基本单位是岩层
岩层由成分大致一致的物质组成。其上、下有两个平行的或大致平行的分界面，与其相邻的岩层分隔开来，这种岩层间的分界面叫层面
The dimetary rock distributes most widely on the Earth surface,who most important feature is stratification,and its basic unit is rock layer，compod with roughly same rock.. There are two parallel or substantially parallel interface up and down , called stratification plane, prated it from adjacent rock layers.
快乐酷巴加盟原始产状的单一岩层，两个层面的位置，有上、下层面之分。即顶面和底面The primitive occurrence's sole rock layer, two stratification plane's positions, have division the top and bottom stratification plane. Namely top and bottom surface.
岩层顶底面间的垂直距离是岩层的真厚度。同一岩层的厚度通常是一致的
The vertical distance between rock strata top and bottom is its true thickness. Generally, the thickness of the same rock layers is consistent
如果同一层中厚度发生变化时，岩层面也就不平行了。当岩层向某一方向逐渐变薄并消失时，叫岩层的尖灭
If the thickness changes in same layer, the rock level will be not parallel. When the rock strata gradually thin, even disappear to a certain direction , it is called the rock layer pinch-out..
岩层的产状要素Rock layer occurrence esntial factor
岩层的产状系指在产出地点的岩层面在三维空间的方位The rock layer occurrence is refers to is delivering the place the rock layer surface in the three-dimensional space position.
是以岩层面在三度空间的延伸方位及其倾斜程度来确定的，即采用岩层面的走向、倾向和倾角三个要素的数值来表示The rock layer occurrence is extends the position by the rock layer surface in the three-dimensional space and the inclined degree determines. Namely us the rock layer surface the trend, the tendency and the inclination angle three esntial factor value expresd.
任何面状构造或地质体界面的产状，都可用上述产状要素来表示Every shape structure or the geologi
c body contact surface's occurrence, the available above occurrence esntial factor expresd.
走向Trend
岩层面与水平面的交线叫走向线The rock layer surface and the horizontal plane interction calls the line of trend.
走向线两端所指的方向即为岩层的走向The line of trend both sides refer to direction namely for rock layer trend.
走向都有两个方位角数值，如NE30°和SW210°。二者相差180°Moves toward has two azimuth values. Like NE30°and SW210°. Two difference 180°
岩层的走向表示岩层在空间的水平延伸方向The rock layer trend expression rock layer extends the direction in the spatial level.
倾向Dip
成人痱子
层面上与走向线相垂直并沿斜面向下所指的射线叫倾斜线In the stratification plane is vertical and the beam which with the line of bearing refers to downward along the incline calls the line of dip.
倾斜线在水平面上的投影所指层面向下倾斜的方向就是岩层的真倾向，简称倾向The line of dip refers to the stratification plane downward incline in horizontal plane projection the direction is the rock layer real tendency, the abbreviation tendency.
在岩层面上凡与走向线不直交的任一直线均为视倾斜线，其在水平面上投影线所指的倾斜方向，叫视倾向或假倾向On the rock layer surface every any straight line which is not perpendicular to with the line of bearing is the apparent dip line. It inclined direction which the projection line refers to the horizontal plane, calls to regard the tendency or the fal tendency.
倾角Inclination angle
岩层的倾斜线及其在水平面上的投影线之间的夹角就是岩层的倾角，又叫真倾角The rock layer line of dip and between the horizontal plane projection line's included angle is the rock layer inclination angle, also earnest inclination angle.
视倾斜线和它的水平面上的投影线之间的夹角，叫视倾角。In the apparent dip line and between its horizontal plane's projection line's included angle, calls the apparent dip.从岩层面上任一点都可以引出许多条视倾斜线，有许多视倾角，视倾角都比该点的真倾角值小Any spot may draw out many apparent dip lines from the rock layer surface to have many apparent dips, the apparent dip is small
手机通讯录怎么导入到新手机
er than this spot true dip value.
真倾角与视倾角可用数学式表示：tanβ=tanα·cosω
The true dip and the apparent dip available mathematics type expression is: tanβ=tanα·cosω
视倾向愈接近真倾向其角值也越大，最后趋近于真倾角值；视倾向偏离真倾向越远，则其视倾角越小Regards the tendency to meet the appoximate to favor its angular value to be also bigger draws clo finally in the true dip value. Regards the tendency deviation to favor a farther its apparent dip to be smaller really.
产状要素的测定与记录Occurrence esntial factor determination and record
产状要素通常是用地质罗盘直接在岩层面上测得The occurrence esntial factor usually is obtains directly with the geological compass on the rock layer surface.
方位角表示法：一般只测记倾向和倾角Azimuth method of portrayal: Generally only measured that records the tendency and the inclination angle.
SW205°∠25°（也可书写为205°∠25°），SW205°∠25°(may also write for 205°∠25°), 前面是倾向方
位角，后面指倾角，即倾向为南西205°，倾角25°Front is favors behind the azimuth a figure of inclination angle. Namely tendency for Naxi 205°, inclination angle 25°.
图上的表示
在地质图上，岩层产状要素是用符号来表示。常用符号如下：30 The rock layer occurrence esntial factor is expresd in the geologic map with the mark. The conventional symbol is as follows: 30°°
我爱劳动手抄报长线表示走向，短线表示倾向，数字表示倾角。长、短线必须按实际方位标绘在图上The long-line expression trend, the short line express the tendency, the digital prentation inclination angle. Long, the short line must according to the actual position inrt on the chart.
岩层产状是水平的The rock layer occurrence is the level.
岩层直立，箭头指向新岩层The rock layer erectness arrow aims at the new rock layer.
岩层倒转，箭头指向倒转后的倾向，即指向老岩层，数字是倾角度数After the rock layer revers the arrow direction revers the tendency, namely aims at the old rock layer digit is the inclination angle number of degree.
地球表面的岩层的产出状态有三种Earth's surface's rock layer delivers the condition to have three kinds.
水平产出The level of output
leaning倾斜产出Tilt output
直立产出V ertical output
这三种状态产出的岩层，在出露特征以及平面地质图上的表现等方面都不相同The three conditions deliver the rock layer, in appearing in characteristic as well as plane geologic map's aspects and so on performance is not same.
水平岩层的特点Horizontally stratified ground characteristic
岩层层面近水平，倾角近于0°，同一层面上各点海拔高度都基本相同Rock layer stratification plane near horizontal inclination angle nearly in 0°. In identical stratification plane each altitude above a level basic same.
地层层序没有倒转时，较新的岩层叠置在较老岩层之上When the stratigraphic quence has not reverd, new rock layer superposition above old rock layer.
村务公开栏
地形剥蚀切割轻微时，地面只出露最新岩层When terrain disintegration cutting is slight, the ground only appears the newest rock layer.
地形切割强烈，较老岩层可出露于河谷、冲沟等低洼处，较新岩层则分布在山顶或分水岭上The terrain cutting inten old rock layer may appear in the river valley, flushes the ditch
low-lying and so on place, the new rock layer distributes on the summit or the watershed.
水平岩层的出露和分布状态，完全受地形控制，其出露界线（即岩层面与地面的交线）在地质图上表现为与地形等高线平行或重合，而不相交Horizontally stratified ground's appearing and the distribution condition, receive the terrain control completely, its appearing demarcation line (i.e. rock layer surface and ground interction) displays in the geologic map for with the terrain contour line parallel or the superposition, but does not interct.
在河谷、冲沟中岩层的出露界线随等高线弯曲而弯曲，延伸成“V”字形，“V”字型尖端指向上游In the river valley, flushes in the ditch the rock layer appearing demarcation line to be
c urving along with the contour line an
d to b
e curving, extends “V” the glyph, “V” the font acme aims at the upstream.
在山顶和山坡上岩层露头的分布往往呈孤岛状、不规则的同心圆状或条带状The distribution which the rock layer appears on the summit and the hillside often assumes the isolated is land shape, the anomalous concentric circle shape or stripped.
根据这些特征，只要测定出水平岩层层面界线的位置和高程，就可以在地形图上以其出露点为起点，沿着或平行于其相应高程的等高线勾绘出该层面的界线According to the characteristics, so long as determines the horizontally stratified ground stratification plane demarcation line the position and the elevation, may along or is parallel on the topographic diagram take its dew point as the beginning in its corresponding elevation contour line outlines this stratification plane the demarcation line.
水平岩层的厚度就是该岩层顶底面高程差Horizontally stratified ground's thickness is this rock layer goes against the bottom surface elevation difference.
水平岩层的露头宽度（即岩层上、下层面在地面上的出露界线之间的水平距离）随岩层的厚度和地面坡度的变化而变化The horizontally stratified ground appears the width (i.e. between rock layer top and bottom stratification plane in ground appearing demarcation line contour interval) changes along with rock layer thickness and the ground line gradient change.
当地面坡度相同时，厚度大的岩层露头宽度宽，厚度小的岩层露头宽度窄When the ground line gradient is the same, the thickness big rock layer appears the width to be wide, the thickness small rock layer appears the width to be narrow.
当岩层的厚度相等时，地面坡度缓，露头宽度宽；地面坡度陡，岩层露头宽度窄When rock layer thickness is equal the ground line gradient slow appearing width is wide; The ground line gradient steep rock layer appearing width is narrow.
在陡崖处，岩层上、下层面界线的投影线重合，即露头宽度为零，以致在地质图上呈现出岩层尖灭的假象In steep mountain cliff place rock layer top and bottom stratification plane demarcation line projection line superposition. So that namely the appearing width is zero prents the rock layer pinch-out in the geologic map the fal appearance.
倾斜的岩层Inclined rock layer
岩层面与水平面呈一定交角，其倾角介于0°～90°之间The rock layer surface and level delivering in person certain angle of interction its inclination angle is situated between 0°~90°. 岩层层序正常时，地面出露的的岩层顺倾斜方向依次变新The rock layer quence is normal when ground appearing the rock layer changes new in turn along the inclined direction.
在不同方向的剖面上测量的倾斜岩层的厚度不同The inclined rock layer's thickness which surveys in the different direction's ction plane is different.
岩层的两个平行界面之间的垂直距离称真厚度（简称厚度）Between the rock layer two parallel contact surface's vertical ranges call the real thickness (i.e. thickness).孔雀简笔画
在与岩层走向斜交的直立剖面或在与岩层面不垂直的任何方向的非直立剖面上测得的岩层顶、底界线之间的垂直距离称视厚度In moves toward the oblique erectness ction plane with the rock layer or in the rock layer which obtains with in the rock layer surface not vertical any direction's non-erectness ction plane goes against, between the bottom demarcation line vertical range to call apparent thickness.
沿铅直方向量得的岩层顶、底面之间的距离称铅直厚度The rock layer which results in along the plumb direction quantity goes against, between the bottom surface distance to call the plumb thickness.
倾斜岩层的露头界线形态决定于岩层产状、地形以及二者的相互关系。The inclined rock layer appears the demarcation line shape to decide in the rock layer occurrence, the terrain as well as the two's reciprocity.倾斜岩层露头界线分布形态较复杂，表现为与地形等高线成交切关系，并有一定规律
The inclined rock layer appeared the demarcation line distribution shape complex performance to cut the relations with the terrain contour line deal and to have certain rule.
即当其横过沟谷或山脊时，均呈“V”字形态，根据岩层产状、地面坡向及坡度不同，“V”字形形态也有所不同，这种规律称为“V”字形法则Namely when its horizontal run-off ditch or mountain ridge assumes “V” the character shape. According to the rock layer occurrence, the ground slope is different to and th e slope, “V” the glyph shape also differs from this kind of rule to be called “V” the glyph principle.
相反相同
相同相反
相同相同
相反相同
当岩层倾向与地面坡向相反时，岩层界线与地形等高线的弯曲方向一致When rock layer tendency and ground slope to opposite, the rock layer demarcation line is consistent with the terrain contour line's curving direction.
在沟谷处，岩层界线的“V”字形尖端指向沟谷的上游In run-off ditch place, rock layer demarcation line “V” glyph acme direction run-off ditch upstream.
穿越山脊时，“V”字形尖端则指向山脊的下坡When pass through the mountain ridge, “V” the glyph acme aims at the mountain ridge the downhill.
但岩层界线的弯曲度总是比等高线弯曲度小But the rock layer demarcation line's bending is always smaller than the contour line bending.
相同相反
当岩层倾向与地面坡向相同，且岩层倾角大于地面坡度角时，岩层界线与地形等高线成相反方向弯曲When rock layer tendency and ground slope to same, and the rock layer inclination angle is bigger than time the ground elevation angle, the rock layer demarcation line and the terrain contour line becomes the rever direction to be curving.
在沟谷中，界线“V”字形的尖端指向下游In run-off ditch, demarcation line “V” glyph acme direction downstream.
在山脊上，则指向山脊上坡On mountain ridge, then the directional mountain ridge climbs hill.相同相
同
当岩层倾向与地面坡向相同，岩层倾角小于地面坡度角时，岩层露头界线与地形等高线的弯曲方向也是相同的When the rock layer tendency and the ground slope is smaller than the ground elevation angle to the same rock layer inclination angle, the rock layer appears the demarcation line and the terrain contour line curving direction is also same.
在沟谷中，“V”字形尖端指向上游In the run-off ditch, “V” the glyph acme aims at the upstream.在山脊上，其“V”字形尖端则指向山脊的下坡On the mount ain ridge, it “V” the glyph acme aims at the mountain ridge the downhill.
这与相反相同所表现的形态不同之处在于其露头界线的“V”字形弯曲度大于地形等高线的
弯曲度This with the shape difference which opposite same displays lies in it to appear the demarcation line “V” the glyph bending to be bigger th an the terrain contour line the bending.
倾斜岩层的露头宽度主要取决于岩层的厚度和倾角，还受地面坡角、坡向与岩层的倾角、倾向之间关系的影响The inclined rock layer appears the width mainly to be decided by rock layer thickness and the inclination angle, but also receives the ground angle of slope, the slope to the influence which with between the rock layer inclination angle, the tendency relates.
当岩层倾向与坡向相反时，一般是地面坡度缓，岩层露头就宽，坡度陡，露头就窄When rock layer tendency and slope to opposite generally is the ground line gradient slow rock layer appears extends the slope to appear steep narrowly.
岩层出露在陡崖峭壁上，则岩层顶、底面的界线在平面上的投影重合成一条线，造成在平面图上岩层“尖灭”的假象Rock layer appearing on steep cliff, then the rock layer goes against, the bottom surface demarcation line to superpo a line creates in the horizontal plan the rock layer “the pinch-out” the fal appearance in plane projection.
当岩层面与倾斜地面直交时，露头宽度小于岩层厚When the rock layer surface and the sloping ground are perpendicular to, the appearing width is smaller than the rock layer is thick.
岩层倾角达90°时，露头宽度等于岩层厚度，且不受地形影响When the rock layer inclination angle reaches 90°, the appearing width is equal to the rock layer thickness, and not terrain influence.
当岩层面与地面之间的交角（指相交锐夹角）向大变小，则露头宽度由窄变宽When between the rock layer surface and the ground angle of interction (refers to intercts sharp included angle) to be small to the big change, then the appearing width by broadens narrowly.
直立岩层V ertical rock
>领导职务
