《英语词汇学教程》参考答案
Chapter 1 1. 1. The The three three definitions definitions agree agree that that lexicology lexicology studies studies words. words. Y et, Y et, they they have
have different different focus. focus. Definition 1 focus on the meaning and us of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focus on the mantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions u different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon.
2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door.
(2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o ‘clock.
(3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting.
3. (1) w hen it follows ‗
when it follows ‗-t‘ and ‗-d‘, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t];
(3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d].
4. (1)They are words that can be included in a mantic field of ―tree treeǁǁ.
(2)They reprent the forms of the verb
―fly flyǁǁ and have a common meaning. (3)They belong to a lexical field of
‗telephone communication ‘. (4)They (4)They are
are synonyms, synonyms, related related to to human human visual visual perception. perception. Specifically, Specifically, they they denote denote various various kinds of ―looking lookingǁǁ.
5. (a) ‗blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, ud in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ‗blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ‗greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ‗White Hou: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0
(b) black ‗board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ‗bird: bird: any any bird bird which which is is black black in in colour colour (both (both words words receive receive primary primary stress); stress); grey grey ‗‗hound: hound: any any
hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ‗white ‗hou: any hou that is painted white (both words receive primary stress).
6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. quences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 clod class words.
7. (a) The ‗bull bull‘‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal.
(b)
‗Take the bull by the horn ‘ is an idiom, meaning ‗(having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly.
(c) (c) ‗
‗Like Like a a bull bull in in a a china china shop shop‘‘ is is an an idiom, idiom, meaning meaning doing doing something something with with too too much much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upt someone.
(d) A
‗bull market ‘ is one where prices ri fast becau there is a lot of buying of shares in anticipation of profits.
8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vesl is ud for.
Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowl
Beer: beer glass, tankard
Wine: wineglass, goblet
Spirits: sherry glass
Chapter 2
1. Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang, sung.
Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language. For example, m oralizers moralizers is an English word compod of four morphemes:
moral +lize +er +s . Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat,
chair , -ing, -s , etc.
, etc. Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and
[id] are allomorphs of the past ten morpheme in English.
2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en,
world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude
3. island, surname, disclo, duckling, cranberry, 早餐店做什么最赚钱
reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert
4. (a) [ ə] (b)[ -ai]
5. (1) –‗–‗s, -s (2) -est, -s (3)
–ing (4) –ed 6. The connotations are as follows:
(1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker speaker is is speaking
speaking to to a a child, child, (3) (3) beastie beastie is is ud ud to to a a small small animal animal in in Scotland, Scotland, carrying carrying the the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness.
7. { -əm; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz}
8. court: polymy dart: polymy
fleet: homonymy jam: homonymy
中国安全生产报pad: homonymy steep: homonymy
stem: homonymy stuff: polymy
watch: polymy
9. (1)(1)——(f), (2)(2)——(g), (3)(3)——(c), (4)(4)——(e), (5)(5)——(a), (6)(6)——(d), (7)(7)——(b)
10.(1) unpractical (2) break
(3) impractical (4) rout
(5) pedals (6) Route(7) raze
Chapter 3
1. The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle and
Modern English periods.
In Old English period, there is a frequent u of coinages known as ‗kennings kennings‘‘, which refers
to to vivid vivid figurative
figurative descriptions descriptions often often involving involving compounds. compounds. The The abnce abnce of of a a wide-ranging wide-ranging vocabulary vocabulary of of loanwords
loanwords force force people people to to rely rely more more on on word-formation word-formation process process bad bad on on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number number of of ‗‗loan loan translations translations‘‘. . Grammatical Grammatical relationships relationships in in Old Old English English were were expresd
expresd by by the u of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items.
In In Middle Middle English
English period, period, English English grammar grammar and and vocabulary vocabulary changed changed greatly. greatly. In In grammar, grammar, English English changed changed from
from a a highly highly inflected inflected language language to to an an analytic analytic language. language. In In vocabulary vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the
addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.
In In Early Early Modern
Modern English English period, period, English English vocabulary vocabulary grew grew very very fast fast through through extensive extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there were a great many mantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings.
Modern Modern English English is
is characterized characterized with with three three main main features features of of unprece
dented unprecedented growth growth of of scientific vocabulary, the asrtion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‗New Englishes ‘.
"单克隆抗体"2. appeareth appeareth in in (a)
(a) becomes becomes appeared appeared in in (b), (b), and and dreame dreame becomes becomes dream. dream. The The passive passive were were departed departed becomes becomes the
the active active had had gone. gone. With With the the change change of of word word forms, forms, (b) (b) looks looks simple simple morphologically.
3. barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: French
罗马里奥
坦博拉火山cadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latin
ginng: Chine taffy: North American kimono: Japane
whisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latin
algebra: Arabic giraffe: African
4. train: train: meaning meaning changed
changed from from the the trailing trailing part part of of a a gown gown to to a a wide wide range range of of extended extended meanings.
deer: meaning narrowed from ‗beast ‘ or ‗animal ‘ to ‗a particular kind of animal ‘
knight: meaning ameliorated from ‗boy, manrvant ’ to ‗a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knighthood ‘
葛根功效meat: meaning narrowed down from ‗food ‘ to ‗the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit ‘.
ho: meaning extended from ‗leg covering ‘ to ‗a long tube for carrying water ‘.
5. ll: specialized hound: specialized
starve: specialized wife: specialized
loaf: specialized
6.
American English British English
Fall
Autumn candy
sweet corn
Maize mester
term apartment
flat Dresr
Dressing table Street car
Tram car
Chapter 4
1. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-ed
un-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed
2. book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, booked
forget: forgets, forgot, forgotten
short: shortter, shortest
snap: snaps, snapping, snapped 差生班
take: takes, taking, took, taken
goo: gee
heavy: heavier, heaviest
3. –ish: meaning ‗having the nature of , like ‘
de-: meaning ‗the opposite of ‘
-ify: meaning ‗make, become ‘
-dom: means ‗the state of ‘
il-(im-/in-): meaning ‗the opposite of, not ‘
-able: meaning ‗that can or must be ‘ mis-: meaning ‗wrongly or badly ‘
-sion(-tion):meaning ‗the state/process of ‘
pre-: meaning ‗prior to ‘
-ment: meaning ‗the action of ‘
re-: meaning ‗again again‘‘
under-: meaning ‗not enough ‘
-al: meaning ‗the process or state of ‘
4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N ǁ structure, in which adjectives
are are ud ud to to modify modify nouns nouns ‗‗line, line, line, line, neck, neck, room room‘‘. . Hotline Hotline means means ‗‗a telephone telephone number number that
that people people can can call call for for information information‘‘. . Mainline Mainline means means ‗‗an an important important railway
railway line line between between two two cities cities‘‘. Redneck means
‗a person from the southern US ‘. Darkroom means ‗a room with very little in it, ud for developing photographs ‘.
b. b. They They are are endocentric endocentric compounds. compounds. They They have have the the ――N N + + N ‘ structure. structure. Bookshelf Bookshelf means
means ‗‗a shelf for keeping books ‘. Breadbasket means ‗a container for rving bread ‘. Mailbox means
‗a a box box for for putting putting letters letters in in when when they they delivered delivered to to a a hou hou‘‘. . Wineglass Wineglass means means ‗‗a a glass glass for
for drinking wine ‘.
c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N ‘ structure. Letterhead means ‗the
head of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)‘.
Roadside means ‗the area at the side of a road ‘. Keyhole means ‗the hole in a lock for putting
the key in ‘. Hilltop means ‗the top of a hill ‘.
d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means ‗a person who leaves school before they
have finished their studies. Go-between means ‗a person who takes messages between people ‘.
Turnout means ‗the number of people who come to an event event‘‘. Standby
means ‗a person or thing that can always be ud if needed ‘.
e. e. They They are are endocentric endocentric compounds. compounds. They They have have the the ――Adj Adj + + N-ed N-edǁǁ structure, structure, in in which
which adjectives are ud to modify the N-ed.
f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + Adj ǁ structure, meaning As Adj As
N.
5. in-: not, the opposite of en-: to put into the condition of
dis-: not, the opposite of un-: not, the opposite of
inter-: between, among mis-: wrongly or badly
over-: too much re-: again post-: after
6. a. a young dog; piglet b. a female editor; hostess
c. a place for booking tickets; refinery
d. one who is kicked; trainee
e. the state of being put up; output
7. unbelievable: un- (prefix), -able (suffix) inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix)
multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix) teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix) 8. a. Initialism b. Blending c. Compounding d. conversion
9. a. compounding, affixation b. compounding, affixation
c. compounding, shortening
d. compounding, affixation
10. a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissible
b. absorbent, assistant, different, participant
c. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developer
d. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockery
Chapter 5
1. (a) connotation (b) formality
(c) dialect (d) connotation
2. water
rainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, ………….. ..
3. (a) keeping (b) feeling of admiration or respect
4. (a) hyponymy (b) meronymy
5. (a) light beer, strong beer (b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee
6. amateur —dabbler, funny funny——ridiculous, occupation occupation——profession,
small small—
—little, famous famous——renowned, fiction fiction——fable, smell smell——scent 7. The words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to ‗an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine ‘. Diagram Diagram refers refers to 电影传染病
to a a simple simple drawing drawing using using lines lines to to explain explain where where something something is, is, how how something something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details.
8.(a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable
(d) non-gradable, reversive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable
9.(a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym
(d) synonymy (e) meronymy
Chapter 6
1. 1) literal expression 2) idiom
3) literal expression 4) idiom
5) idiom 6) literal expression
2. 1) die
2) something that makes a place less attractive
3) suddenly realize or understand something
4) make one
‘s friends disappoint 5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important
6) react quickly so as to get an advantage
