第18章文学翻译
18.1 复习笔记
一、文学翻译的标准
对于文学翻译的要求是，“用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受”。
钱钟书把文学翻译的最高标准概括为一个“化”字。
二、文学翻译的过程
借鉴茅盾的有关解释，把文学翻译过程分为三个阶段：
(1) 理解阶段；
(2) 印证阶段；
(3) 表达阶段。
美白知识在表达阶段强调的内容是：
(1) 必须使用文学语言；
(2) 尽量保持原作风格；
(3) 力求内容和形式的辩证统一。
三、文学翻译须使用文学语言
毛泽东诗词全集这里仅介绍英文小说翻译的几个侧面：
1. 文学语言具有准确、形象、生动、自然等特征，译者应根据原作的艺术意境和语言特色，在译文里寻找适当的语言形式，使之文情并茂。
Daffodils all along the hedgerow swung like yellow, ruffled birds on their perches.
清风徐徐，沿灌木篱笆旁的水仙花轻轻地摇摆着，颇似栖息的鸟儿掀动着金黄色羽毛。
2. 运用娴熟的汉语，再现人物语言的形象化和个性化，使译文产生“如闻其声，如见其人”的艺术效果。
“Say, some tenderness, that!” This is reference to a smile or a melting glance on the part of a female.
“唷，瞧那样多温存!”这说的是一位女性的嫣然一笑，或者回眸传情。
3. 凭借自己的审美体验，深刻理解原作的艺术美，进而形神兼备地再现这种艺术美。
四、加强文学翻译的基本功训练
有兴趣于或有志于从事文学翻译的青年，可在课内外分门别类地选做一些练习，以集中提高某些方面的表述能力。
18.2 课后习题详解
李贺将进酒将下列英文译成汉语：
1. One morning, in the fall of 1880, a middle-aged woman, accompanied by a young girl of inquiry as
to whether there was anything a- bout the place that she could do. She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and
an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only tho who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about. Any one could e where the daughter behind her got the timidity and shamefacedness which now caud her to stand back and look indifferently away. She was a product of the fancy, the feeling, the innate affection of the untutored but poetic mind of her mother combined with the gravity and poi which were characteristic of her father. Poverty was driving them. Together they prented so appealing a picture of honest necessity that even the clerk was affected. (Theodore Dreir: Jennie Gerhardt, 1911)
【答案】1880年秋天的一个早晨，有一个中年妇人，带着一个18岁的青年女子，走进俄亥俄州科伦坡市的大旅馆里，到账房的写字台前，问他旅馆里有没有她能做的活。那妇人生着副绵软多肉的体格，一张坦率开诚的面容，一种天真羞怯的神气。一双大落落的柔顺眼睛，里边隐藏着无穷的心事，只有
唐七公子作品那些对于凄惶无告的穷苦人面目作过同情观察的人才看得出来。跟在她后面的是她的女儿，一种畏惧和羞怯使她躲缩在后边，眼睛不敢对面前正视，这种神情是谁都看得出她从哪儿得来的。原来她的母亲虽然没有受过教育，却有一种含有诗意的心情，具备着幻想、感情和天生的仁厚，她的父亲呢，又特具一种沉着和稳重的性格，两下结合起来造成她这样一个人了。如今贫穷正在逼迫她们。当时她母女俩那种穷困窘迫的情景是很动人的，连那账房也受感动了。
(傅东华译：《珍妮姑娘》，1959) 2. My mother cho to understand her (Peggy) in terms of another religion. “I
suppo,” she said, “only God really gives. But people can give by not denying, which comes to the same thing.” And then, like a stream swirling past a snag, the flow of her talk resumed, and her memories of buying the farm broadened to the farm itlf, as it had been at the moment of purcha ravaged, eroded as it had been in her girlhood, the big upper field an ocean of barley, the little flat upper field laid out in tomato rows, the triangular field across from the meadow golden-green with sweet corn, the far field silver-green with alfalfa, a truck garden of potatoes and onions and cabbage
s and staked peas stretched all along the sandy ridge beyond the orchard who overburdened lower limbs wore crutches, and even the woods fruitful, of berries and hickory nuts and firew0od;the farm as it was now, at rest, the shaggy fields needing to be mowed. (John Updike: Of the Farm, 1965)
【答案】我母亲有意从另一种信仰理解她(佩吉)。“我认为，”她说，“只有上帝才算真正地赐予。但是人能通过不拒绝来实现给予，可谓殊途同归吧。”犹如小溪绕过暗礁一样，她的谈话又滔滔不绝起来。她的记忆从购买农场扩展到了农场本身：当时是一片荒芜的、水土侵蚀严重的不毛之地。当她进入少女时期时，那一大片上坡地已经化作大麦的海洋；那一小片平坦的上坡地栽满了一排排、一行行的西红柿；草地对过的三角地里，甜玉米绿里透黄；远处的田野里，苜蓿绿中泛白；果园里那边沙岭一带的菜园中，有土豆、洋葱、大头菜，还有用木桩架起的豌豆；这边果园里，被果实压低的树枝用木棒支撑着；甚至树林里，除随处可见的烧柴木之外，浆果和山核桃都仰首皆是；而眼下的农场已闲置荒芜，杂草丛生，亟待耕锄。
倍他司汀片
(王治奎泽：《农场省亲》)笔记本触摸板
道德修养
3. Narcissus is said to have been a young man of wonderful beauty, but intolerably proud, fastidious, and disdainful. Plead with himlf and despising all others, he led a solitary life in the woods and hunting grounds; with a few companions to whom he was all in all; followed also wherever he went by a nymph call Echo. Living thus, he came by chance one day to a clear fountain, and (being in the heat of noon) lay down by it; when beholding in the water his own image, he fell into such a study and then into such a rapturous admiration of himlf, that he could not be drawn away from gazing at the shadowy picture, but remained rooted to the spot till n left him; and at last he was changed into the flower that bears his name; a flower which appears in the early spring; and is sacred to the infernal deities,--Pluto, Prorpine, and the Furies. (Sir Francis Bacon: Narcissus; or Self-Love)
【答案】那喀索斯，人称风度翩翩美少年，惟心性高傲，锱铢必较，蔑视一切，令人不堪。自我陶醉，目无余子，常年出没于林泉猎场，优游岁月，与世人不相往来；有俦侣二三，如鱼得水；行踪所至，仙女跬步不离，芳名厄科。朝夕如此，一日偶至清泉一泓，时值晌午，天气炎热，遂卧躺泉边，俯观水中倒影，始而不觉凝神观照继而自我恋慕，如痴如狂，谛视自家面貌若隐若现，良久不去，出神入定，有如树木扎根，直至感觉消失；终于变作水仙，名日那喀索斯；水仙早春开花；遂为冥府诸神之祭品——普路托，普罗塞耳皮娜，复仇三女神。
(杨自伍译：《那喀索斯——论自恋》《英国散文名篇欣赏》)
4. Nowhere and never in the world can there have been a deeper peace; and the bells from the little red church down by the river emed to be the music of it, as the song of birds is the music of spring. There one saw how beautiful the life of man can be, and how men by the innocent labours of many generations can give to the earth a beauty it has never known in its wildness. And all this peace, one knew, was threatened; and the threat came into one's mind as if it were a soundless message from over the great eastward plain; and with it the beauty emed unsubstantial and strange, as if it were sinking away into the past, as if it were only a memory of childhood. (Arthur Clutton-Brock: Sunday Before the War) 【答案】世间任何地方在任何时候都不可能领略比这儿更为深沉的和平。从山下河畔那座红砖小教堂传出的钟声，像是和平的主题音乐，正如啁啾鸟语是春天的音乐一样，在这儿，你看到了人类生活可有多么美好，人类又如何以迭代的诚实劳动给土地带来一种土地在蛮荒时代从未领略到的美。然而，你也意识到，这儿的和平景象正遭到威胁。这威胁如同穿越向东延伸的大平原传来的无声信息，随之，田园之美顿时变得空虚而诡奇，似乎正融入往昔而渐渐消失，渺远宛若童年的回忆。
(陆谷孙译：《战前星期天》《英国散文名篇欣赏》)
18.3 翻译示例汇总ui风格
(1) The trees grow leaves overnight.
【译文】一夜之间，林木着装，绿叶瑟瑟。
(2) Some fishing boats were becalmed just in front of us. Their shadows slept, or
