胜利油田浅层稠油油水关系复杂井防砂技术研究
卫 然1 赵 煊1 高 斌1 王志梅2
(1.胜利油田有限公司采油工艺研究院 山东东营257000; 2.胜利油田有限公司东辛采油厂 山东东营257000)
摘要 胜利油田浅层稠油油藏存在出砂严重、上下隔层较薄、断层发育以及油水关系复杂等缺点，无法落实勘探储量，严重制约着油藏的开发。针对浅层稠油油藏油水关系复杂井的地质特点，从出水原因分析和研究了适用的堵水防砂主导工艺技术，探索出该类油井防砂技术途径。经在东辛、陈庄等油田现场推广应用14井次，取得显著的防砂效果。
关键词 浅层 稠油油藏 油水关系 防砂措施
前 言
浅层稠油油藏近两年已成为胜利油田占主导地位的油藏，其中，比较具有代表性的是东辛油田浅层油藏。该油藏位于东营凹陷中央背斜断裂带中部东辛油田的馆陶组和东一段，区块内油水关系复杂，防砂主要存在以下工艺难点:①地层胶结疏松，原油携砂能力强(馆陶组地面原油粘度4409～12612 mPa・s，东一段原油粘度1570～4159mPa・s)，出砂严重;②纵向多套叠置发育，横向上储层变化快，厚度变化
大，物性及泥质含量差异大，上下隔层较薄，易引起层间及管外窜[1];③断层发育(7条大断层, 130条小断层)，油水关系复杂，部分油层大量出水。根据试油试采情况进行难点分析，通过室内实验、软件模拟和物模与室内实验等技术手段，对出砂机理及出水原因进行研究分析，优化防砂工艺，找到了该类油藏的防砂途径，为浅层稠油油水关系复杂井的大面积开发提供了新的途径。
防砂技术路线
1.东辛浅层主要出水原因
经过现场调查和室内试验分析，东辛油田浅层出水的主要原因为同层水不均匀推进和固井质量差造成的层间水窜。
(1)馆陶组和东营组一段断层极发育，油水系统基本由断层控制，油水边界无法准确描述。从前期试油情况来看，部分油层本身含水，油层出现底水时，射孔后试油就可能破坏油水平衡关系，增加底水锥进速度，影响试油效果。
(2)由于浅层油层埋藏浅，压实作用差，层多层薄，油层地应力明显比隔层大，在勘探试油中高压施工易压开隔层，造成油水层连通，油井出水。
(3)受钻井工艺中固井质量的影响，浅层第二界面固井多为混浆带，固井质量差，在勘探试油中易引起
管外窜，油井出水，影响试油效果。
由此可见，只有通过现有的测井、测试及无量纲采油(水)指数分析等手段，准确确定水的来源，研究针对性对策，为射孔和防砂方案设计提供依据，才能研制组配有效的防砂工艺组合，达到合理控水增油效果。
2.堵水防砂主导工艺技术
针对东辛浅层东营一、馆陶组下段地层特点，通过室内实验及油藏数值模拟结果，结合开发模式，本着提高防砂有效期同时兼顾油藏的长效经济开发的目的，制定了以下堵水防砂主导工艺。
(1)管内限压循环充填防砂工艺
在东辛浅层稠油油藏中，固井质量不合格、油水层间隔薄的油井占的比例最大，达到总探井数量的四分之三。对此类油井，采用专业软件模拟，因地制宜地制定以管内限压循环砾石充填为主的防砂主导工艺。
主要工序为：通井刮管→热洗井→下防砂管柱→挤活性柴油→关井待压力扩散→正循环充填→反洗井→丢手→坐封→下入生产管柱。
2007年8月 油 气 井 测 试 第16卷 第4期
[作者简介] 卫然，女，工程师，毕业于中国石油大学油藏工程专业，从事油、气、水井防砂研究工作。
(2)管内循环或挤压充填防砂工艺
对同层水或隔层不明显的油层，采取对水层隔板封堵或注堵剂封堵大孔道，配合机械卡封，然后采用管内循环或挤压充填防砂和复合防砂工艺。
主要工序为：通井刮管→热洗井→下光油管→坐井口试压→试挤求稳定泵压→挤粘土Π水泥复合颗粒→顶替→关井反应→探砂面冲砂→下防砂管柱→绕丝筛管循环(或挤压)砾石充填→下泵生产。
适合年会的歌曲(3)水带干灰砂防砂工艺
水泥干灰砂防砂是以水泥为胶结剂，以石英砂为支撑剂，按一定的比例混合搅拌均匀后，用水携带挤入油层，堆积于出砂层位，凝固后形成具有一定强度和渗透性的人工井壁，防止油层的出砂[2]。
主要工序为：通井刮管→热洗井→套管试压→下光油管下带笔尖→坐井口试压→试挤求稳定泵压→挤水泥砂浆→顶替→关井反应→探塞面、钻塞→下泵生产[3]。
2006年，胜利油田将堵水防砂主导工艺技术应用于东辛油田浅层油藏、陈庄浅层油藏，共实施14井次，防砂成功率93%，平均日产液7.98m3，日产油4.37m3，含砂小于0.01%，效果非常显著。
结 论
1.找出了东辛油田浅层稠油油水关系复杂探井的主要出水原因，并以此做为防砂方案设计的依据，在现场防砂施工中，避免了压开水层以及同层水的过早舌进等现象。
2.针对东辛油田浅层东营一、馆陶组下段地层特点，通过室内实验及油藏数值模拟结果，结合油田开发模式，制定了不同油层段的堵水防砂主导工艺方案。
参 考 文 献
1 万仁溥.现代完井工程.北京：石油工业出版社,2000
2 万仁溥.采油工程手册防砂分册.北京：石油工业出版社, 2000
3 张琪.采油工程方案设计.北京：石油工业出版社,2002本文收稿日期:2007-03-12 编辑：刘振庆
(上接68页)
(2)清蜡、防蜡同步进行，有效期长。清蜡解堵与防蜡一次完成，与机械刮蜡相比有效期长，清防蜡效果好。
(3)施工简单，成功率高。施工无需任何专用设备与动力，只需井口安装一根防喷管就能完成，且矿场应用的成功率一般不低于90%。
(4)无安全隐患。清蜡解堵的化学反应生成物全溶于水，不会给油井带来井下落物等安全隐患。
(5)用途广泛。对于油井清防蜡、气井水合物堵塞的解堵和高压气井测试前的解堵熔冰皆适用。
矿场试验
善良的表妹2005年12月6日，在LN225213B井首次进行油井活泼金属合金棒快速清蜡解堵工艺试验，试验前后的效果对比见表2。
表2 活泼金属合金棒快速清蜡解堵效果对比表
清蜡方式
施工日期
(年.月.日)
施工
阶段
生产数据
液量
(tΠd)
气量
(Nm3Πd)
油量
(tΠd)
含水
(%)
液量
变化
职业素养心得体会
(tΠd)
有效
期
(d)
机械刮蜡2005.12.31
施工前
施工后
8
17
1800
2400
6
12
22.1
26.1
+98
活泼金属2006.01.05
施工前
施工后
8
21
1800
4800
唐宋八大家分别是
5
16
35.4
中考祝福22.1
+1333
由表2可知，油井活泼金属合金棒快速清蜡解
堵工艺比传统的机械刮蜡有效期延长了4倍，初期
的产气量提高了1倍，初期产液量提高了24%。该
井试验成功后，先后进行了11井次的现场试验，成
功率在90%以上。
结 论
新型的油井活泼金属合金棒快速清蜡解堵工艺
技术是一种快速、高效、无伤害、有效期长、成功率高
的新型油井清蜡解堵方法，不仅解决了塔里木油田
凝析油藏的油井结蜡对油气田稳产生产带来的不利
影响，也为气井天然气水化物的解堵提供了新的手
段，具有较好的推广应用前景。
参 考 文 献
1 中国专利.一种油井长效防蜡方法.Z L200610113858.4
2 中国专利.油井活泼金属快速解堵棒.Z L200620018703.8
3 田志波，等.烟火加热器用于油井清蜡的技术研究.弹道
学报,1997,9(4)
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