词义的选择
英语单词从含义上区分,可分成单义词和多义词两大类。单义词只有一个含义,一般不难译出。而多义词却在英语中占了绝大部分,翻译时先要熟悉原句的结构,然后再来选择和确定原句中关键词的词义。选择和确定词义可从以下几个方面着手:
一. 根据词在句中的词类属性来确定词义
一岁年龄一岁人选择某个词时,首先要看这个词在原句中属于什么词类,然后在根据词类进一步确定词义。例如:
1. He likes surf-riding.他喜欢冲浪运动。(动词)
2. It doesn’t look like rain.牛肉汤配方天不像要下雨的样子。(介词)
外婆的笑3. We will never e his like again.我们再也见不到他那样的人了。(名词)
4. I can’t cook like you do.我的烹饪水平不如你。(连词)
5. The teacher can’t cite a like instance.老师一时举不出类似的清蒸鳜鱼例子。(形容词)
6. Like enough it will snow. 很可能要下雪了。(副词)
二. 根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来确定词义
请看名词hand在不同的上下文所衍生的不同词义:
1. 关于背影的作文She shook his hand and went upstairs.她和他握了一下手,就上楼去了。
2. Mary writes a good hand.玛丽的字写得不错。
3. His hand is out.他的的技能荒疏了。
4. My hands are tied.我的权力极其有限。
5. The hands of a clock or watch show the time.钟或表的指针是指示时间的。
6. That company was short of hands.那家公司还缺雇员。
7. We have the situation well in hand.我们能把握好局势。
8. I had no hand in the matter.我跟这件事毫无关系。
9. Give me a hand.帮我一下。
10. They give the film-star a big hand. 他们鼓掌欢迎这位电影明星。
三. 根据词在句中包含的感情色彩来确定词义
词汇按照感情色彩可分为褒义词、贬义词和中性词。英语中有些词本身就带有褒义和贬义,译成汉语时应把原有的褒义或贬义相应地表达出来。例如:
1. Prof. Strong was a man of great renown.斯特朗教授是位很有名望的人。(褒义)
2. Lincoln was respected by his people for his foresightedness.林肯由于富于远见而受到人民的尊敬。(褒义)
3. We need tough-minded soldiers in our army.我们的军队需要意志坚强的士兵。(褒义)
4. They rve the people heart and soul.他们全心全意地为人民服务。(褒义)
5. The Chine people are brave and industrious.中国人民勤劳勇敢。(褒义)
6. The politician was notorious for his double dealing.这位政客因耍两面派手法而臭名昭著。(贬义)
7. We were shocked by his rude attitude.丁桂鱼吃什么食物我们对他的粗暴态度感到震惊(贬义)
8. Her jealousy is the cau of her failure.她的嫉妒心理是她失败的根源。(贬义)
9. The Second World War was the most enormous universal havoc of all time.第二次世界大战是有史以来规模最大的一场全球性浩劫。
10. The bandits robbed a bank and fled on a car.那伙强盗抢劫了一家银行,然后就乘车逃走了。(贬义)
11. You should get rid of your foolhardiness.你必须改掉你那种蛮干作风。(贬义)
12. He proved to be a mercenary guy.他原来是个惟利是图的家伙。(贬义)
有些英语单词或词组,孤立起来看似乎是中性的,但在具体的上下文中可能就会产生出褒义或贬义。我们必须把这些词语的感情色彩发掘出来,忠实地翻译出这些原属中性而实际
上已包含了褒义或贬义的词语。例如:
1. He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.他欺骗了我,使我成了他罪恶勾当的工具。(贬义)
Marshal Peng Dehuai was a revolutionary in deed as well as in word.彭德怀元帅是一个言行一致的革命者。(褒义)
2. The aggressive nature of imperialism will never change.帝国主义侵略的本性是决不会改变的。(贬义)
Jim was an aggressive engineer who did his job quite well.吉姆是个有进取心的工程师,他工作干得很出色。
3. Donald was too obvious flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever en.唐纳德说,这位先生是他所见到过的最有胆识的人,这种阿谀奉承未免过于露骨。(贬义)
Miss Davis felt greatly flattered when she received the invitation to deliver a lecture.戴维斯小姐接到去作讲演的邀请时,感到非常荣幸。(褒义)
4. Edison invented the gramophone and the electric light.爱迪生发明了留声机和电灯。(褒义)
People sometimes 评价自己的话invent excus to go out of work.人们有时编造借口不去上班。(贬义)
也有时表示贬义的词转成了中性词,甚至转成了褒义词。在翻译过程中我们必须充分注意到这种语言现象。例如:
1. The years steal by.岁月不知不觉地过去了。(转为中性词)
2. That thermometer must be lying.那个温度计一定不准。(转为中性词)
3. He is rumored to have escaped.听说他已经逃走了。(转为中性词)
4. This type-writer is too greedy on desk space.这部打字机在书桌上占去的地方太多了。
(转为中性词)
5. They are as thick as thieves.他们亲密无间。(这位褒义词)
6. You little rascal!(或者:You little villain!)你这个小淘气!(转为褒义词)
*********************************************************************************
词义选择的练习:
The artist’s work showed a master’s hand.那位艺术家的作品表现出名家的手笔。
The president has t his hand to the document.总统已经在文件上签了字。
Plea turn off the light.请关上灯。
Susan is light on her feet.苏珊脚步很轻快。
The match lights easily.这火柴容易擦着。
This is the last place where I expected to meet you.怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。
He should be the last to blame.怎么也不该责怪他。
The fourth power of three is eight-one.3的四次幂是81。
Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。
The works of the watches and clocks are all home-produced.这些钟表里的机件都是国产的。
This kind of wood works easily.这种木料容易加工。
If you push hard against something and move it, you have done work.假如你用力地推一件东西并且移动了它,那么你就做了功。
The tasks carried out by them are praiworthy.他们从事的事业是值得称道的。
The reckless driver died in the traffic accident.那位鲁莽的司机在车祸中丧了命。
The die-hard Nazis went all out to rve their Third Reich.那伙顽固的纳粹分子死心塌地地为他们的第三帝国效命。
The stubborn boy refud to listen to his parents’ advice.这个倔强的男孩不肯听从父母的劝告。酸辣汤的配料
The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local guerrillas.侵略者遭到了当地游击队顽强的抵抗。
There is something funny about the matter.事情有点蹊跷。
Mark Twain was a funny writer.马克·吐温是一位风趣的作家。
You’ll be sorry if you try anything funny in class.如果你在课堂上耍什么鬼花招,那你肯定会后悔的。