全新版大学进阶英语综合教程第4册
Unit 4
目录
国家动物园课文原文：Text A Marie Curie: The First Woman Nobel Laureate (1)
课文翻译：玛丽.居里：首位女诺贝尔奖得主 (5)
大便不成形怎么办
Language Focus (7)
Text A Marie Curie: The First Woman Nobel Laureate
By Mary Bagley
1 Marie Curie was a physicist and chemist and a pioneer in the study of radiation. She and her husband, Pierre, discovered the elements polonium and radium. Together, they were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903, and she received another one, for Chemistry, in 1911. Her work with radioactive materials doomed her, however. She died of a blood dia in 1934.
Early Life
2 Maria Salomea Sklodowska was born in Warsaw, Poland, on Nov. 7, 1867. She was the youngest of five children, three older sisters and a brother. Both of her parents were educators and insisted that their girls be educated as well as their son. Maria graduated from high school first in her class at the age of 15. Maria and her older sister, Bronia, both wished to attend college but the University of Warsaw did not accept women. They were both interested in scientific rearch; but to get the education they desired they would have to leave the country. At the age of 17, Maria became a governess to help pay for Bronia to attend medical school in Paris. Maria continued to study on her own, looking forward to joining her sister and getting her own degree.
骨碎补的功效与作用3 When Maria registered at the Sorbonne, in Paris, she signed her name as “Marie” to em more French. She quickly realized her high school education and lf-study had not prepared her for the Sorbonne. She had planned to live with Bronia, but took a drafty garret apartment clor to the school so she would have more time to study. To afford the rent, she often subsisted only on bread and tea. Her health suffered, but the hard work paid off. When it was time for the final examinations, she was first in her class. She earned her master’s degree in physics in July 1893. Women’s education advocates gave her a scholarship to stay and take a cond degree in mathematics, awar
dnf安全模式怎么解除ded in 1894.
Meeting Pierre Curie
4 One of Marie’s professors arranged a rearch grant for her to study the magnetic properties and chemical composition of steel. In arranging for lab space, she was introduced to a young man named Pierre Curie. Pierre was a brilliant rearcher himlf and had invented veral instruments for measuring magnetic fields and electricity. He arranged a tiny space for her at the Municipal School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry where he worked. The two were married in the summer of 1895.
5 Marie had been intrigued by the reports of Wilhelm Roentgen’s discovery of X-rays and by Henri Becquerel’s report of similar “rays” emitted from uranium ores. She decided to u Pierre’s instruments to measure the faint electrical currents she detected in air that had been bombarded with uranium rays. Her studies showed that the effects of the rays were constant even when the uranium ore was treated in different ways. She confirmed Becquerel’s obrvation that greater amounts of uranium in an ore resulted in more inten rays. Then she stated a revolutionary hypothesis; Marie believed that the emission of the rays was an atomic property of uranium. If true,
this would mean that the accepted view of the atom as the smallest possible fragment of matter was fal.
Radioactive
6 Marie next decided to test all of the known chemical ores to e if any others would emit Becquerel rays. In 1898, she coined the term “radioactive” to describe materials that had this
effect. Pierre was so interested in her rearch that he put his own work aside to help her. Together, they found that two ores, chalcolite and pitchblende, were much more radioactive than pure uranium. Marie suspected that the ores might contain as yet undiscovered radioactive elements.
7 Several tons of pitchblende were donated by the Austrian government, but the space Marie was using for a lab was too small. The Curies moved their rearch to an old shed outside of the school. Processing the ore was backbreaking work. New protocols for parating the pitchblende into its chemical components had to be devid. Marie often worked late into the night stirring huge cauldrons with an iron rod nearly as tall as her.
8 Little by little, various components of the ore were tested. The Curies found that two of the chemic
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al components, one containing mostly bismuth and another containing mostly barium, were strongly radioactive. In July 1898, the Curies published their conclusion: the bismuth compound contained a previously undiscovered radioactive element that they named polonium, after Marie’s native country, Poland. By the end of that year they had isolated a cond radioactive element they called radium, from radius , the Latin word for rays. In 1902, they announced success in extracting purified radium.
9 In June 1903, Marie was the first woman in Europe to earn a doctorate in physics. In November of that year the Curies, together with Henri Becquerel, were named winners of the Nobel Prize in Physics for their contributions to the understanding of atomic structure. The nominating committee objected to including a woman as a Nobel Laureate, but Pierre insisted that the original rearch was Marie’s. In 1911, after Pierre’s death, Marie was awarded a cond Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her discovery of the elements polonium and radium.
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Later Years
杏色的最佳搭配颜色10 Marie continued to do rearch in radioactivity. When World War I broke out in 1914, she suspended her studies and organized a fleet of portable X-ray machines for doctors on the front.
妈妈的由来11 After the war, she worked hard to rai money for her Radium Institute, including a trip to the
United States. But by 1920, she was suffering from medical problems, likely due to her exposure to radioactive materials. On July 4, 1934, she died of aplastic anemia, a blood dia that is often caud by too much exposure to radiation.
12 Marie was buried next to Pierre, but in 1995, their remains were moved and interred in the Pantheon in Paris alongside France’s greatest citizens.
13 The Curies received another honor in 1944 with the discovery of the 96th element on the Periodic Table of the Elements, which was named curium.
玛丽·居里：首位女诺贝尔奖得主
玛丽·巴格利1 玛丽·居里是物理学家、化学家和放射研究的先驱。她和丈夫皮埃尔发现了钋元素与镭元素。他们两人一起获得了1903年诺贝尔物理学奖，而她个人又于1911年获得诺贝尔化学奖。然而，她的工作是与放射材料打交道，这也使她受到致命的伤害。1934年，她被血液病夺去了生命。
早年生活
2 玛丽亚·沙洛美亚·斯克洛多夫斯卡于1867年11月7日出生于波兰华沙。她是一家五个孩子里最小的一个，上面有三个姐姐和一个哥哥。她的父母都是教育工作者，坚持让女儿们同儿子一样受教育。15岁
时，玛丽亚以年级第一名的成绩高中毕业。她和姐姐波洛尼亚都想上大学，但华沙大学不招女生。她们俩都对科学研究感兴趣；但想要获得她们向往的教育就得离开祖国。17岁时，玛丽亚为了资助波洛尼亚去巴黎上医学院，当起了家庭女教师。工作之余，她坚持自学，期盼着到巴黎同姐姐会合并攻读学位。
3 玛丽亚在巴黎索邦大学注册时，用了“玛丽”这个签名，好让自己的名字更有法国味。她很快意识到之前高中和自学的底子太薄，在索邦大学上学很吃力。为此，她改变了跟波洛尼亚同住的打算，找了一个离学校更近的透风的阁楼公寓，这样就可以有更多的时间学习。为了支付房租，她常常只靠面包和茶水果腹。她的身体因而变差了，但刻苦学习见效了。期末考试时，她名列全班第一。1893年7月，她获得了物理学硕士学位。妇女教育倡导者向她提供了奖学金，好让她留下来继续攻读第二个学位。1894年，她获得了数学硕士学位。结识皮埃尔·居里
4 玛丽的一位教授为她安排了一笔研究经费，让她专攻钢的磁性和化学成分。在安排做实验的地方时，她被引见结识了一位名叫皮埃尔·居里的年轻人。皮埃尔本人也是一位杰出的研究人员，已经发明了几款测量磁场和电的仪器。他为她在自己工作的巴黎市立高等工业物理化学学院里安排了一个狭小的实验空间。两人于1895年夏季结婚。
5 在看到威廉·伦琴发现X射线和亨利·贝克勒尔发现铀矿石发出类似“射线”的报道后，玛丽很感兴趣。
她决定用皮埃尔的仪器来测量她察觉到的被铀射线撞击的空气中的微弱电流。她的研究表明：即便用不同的方法来处理铀矿石，射线的强度总是一样的。她印证了贝克勒尔的观察报告，即矿石中的铀含量越高，射线就越强。接着，她提出了一个革命性的假设；玛
