双语：美貌是如何形成的？
BEAUTY, the saying has it, is only skin deep. Not true. Skin is important (the cosmetics industry proves that). But so is what lies under it. In particular, the shape of people’s faces, determined by their bone structure, contributes enormously to how beautiful they are. And, since the ultimate point of beauty is to signal who is a good prospect as a mate, what makes a face beautiful is not only an aesthetic matter but also a biological one. How tho bone structures ari, and how they communicate desirable traits, are big evolutionary questions.
俗话说，美貌不过是一张皮。这话不对。皮肤其实是很重要的（化妆品行业已证实），皮下的肌肉和骨骼也很重要。人的脸形尤为关键，脸形由骨骼决定，对美貌有重要作用。从寻找伴侣角度看，美的全部意义在于谁长得漂亮，美貌的成因不仅为审美问题，还是一个生物学问题，比如，骨骼结构的形成和它们传达美的方式。
Until now, experiments to try to determine the biological basis of beauty have been of the plea-look-at-the-photographs-and-answer-some-questions variety. Some uful and not necessarily obvious results have emerged, such as that one determinant of beauty is facial symmetry.赞美水的诗句
手机闪退怎么解决
八爪鱼怎么清洗迄今，探究美貌生物学基础的科学实验，仍然离不开人的感官和实验中的相关问题。一些研究结果有价值而不明显，比如脸形对称。
But what would really help is a breeding experiment which allowed the shapes of faces to be followed across the generations to e how tho shapes relate to variations in things that might be desirable in a mate. The might include fertility, fecundity, social status, prent health, and likely resistance to future infection and infestation. Correlations betwe
en many of the phenomena and attributes of the body-beautiful have, indeed, been established. But in a pair-forming, highly social species such as Homo sapiens, you also have to live with your co-child-rair or, at least, collaborate with him or her. So other things may be important in a mate, too, such as an even temper and a friendly outlook.
其中人类的繁殖实验意义重大。人类繁殖使脸形一代一代传承，从中可以分辨出后代脸形变体传承父母美貌的成因，其中包括能育力、生产力、社会地位、现实的身体状况和未来的身体免疫能力。许多现象都被看做美貌的因素，事实也是如此。不同的是，人类是两性高级社会动物，配偶双方共同抚育后代，或者至少有一方抚养。因此可能还有其他重要的影响因素，比如配偶平和的性格与和善的外貌。
It would be impossible to do such a breeding experiment on people, of cour. But as Irene Elia, a biological anthropologist at Cambridge, realid, it has in fact been done, for the past five decades, on a different species of animal. Dr Elia has published her analysis of this experiment in the Quarterly Review of Biology. The animals in question are foxes.
虽然人类繁殖实验难以实现，但剑桥大学人类生物学家艾琳·伊利亚耗费50年，最终完成了
菠萝怎么读英语>zram不同物种的繁殖实验。伊利亚博士已将实验分析结果发表在《生物学评论季刊》。实验研究的动物是狐狸。
Foxy ladies, vulpine gents
狡黠的狐狸
The story starts in 1959, in Novosibirsk, Russia. That was when Dmitry Belyaev, a geneticist, began an experiment which continues to this day. He tried to breed silver foxes (a melanic colour variant, beloved of furriers, of the familiar red fox) to make them tamer and thus easier for farmers to handle. He found he could, but the process also had other effects: the animals’ coats developed patches of colour; their ears became floppy; their skulls became rounded and foreshortened; their faces flattened; their nos got stubbier; and their jaws shortened, thus crowding their teeth.
关于疫情的手抄报故事源于1959年的俄罗斯新西伯利亚。遗传学家德米特里·贝尔耶夫做了一项实验，他试图驯化一批银狐供农民使用，从中发现，狐狸表皮变为斑状，耳朵下垂，头骨变小，面部变平，鼻梁下塌，下巴变短，牙缝变窄。驯化的狐狸就像野狼被驯化成狗。
干豆腐炒肉
All told, then, the animals became, to wild foxes, the equivalent of what dogs are to wild wolves. And this was solely the result of lection for what Belyaev called “friendly” behaviour—neither fearful nor aggressive, but calm and eager to interact with people.
贝尔耶夫把该选择结果称为“友好行为”，这种选择既不令人害怕也没有攻击倾向，反之，乐于与人相处。
The link appears to be hormonal. Hormones such as estradiol and neurotransmitters such as rotonin, which regulate behaviour, also regulate some aspects of development. Change one and you will change the other. So in a species where friendliness is favoured becau that species is social and the group members have to get on with each other—a species like Homo sapiens, for example—a “friendly” face is a feature that might actively be sought, both in mates and in children, becau it is a marker of desirable social attitudes. And there is abundant evidence, reviewed by Dr Elia, both that it is indeed actively sought by Homo sapiens, and that it is such a reliable marker.
这种现象与激素有关，比如雌激素和神经传递素，它们会调节动物的生理行为，对动物进
化有重要影响。所以那些社会群居物种行为比较友好，因为它们需要处理相互关系。以现代人为例，结婚和生子时，看起来更“友好”，因为这代表着积极的社会态度，伊利亚博士对此提供了大量证据。
What men look for in the faces of women, and vice versa, is so well known that rearch might em superfluous. Suffice to say, then, that features like tho en in Belyaev’s foxes (flat faces, small nos, reduced jaws and a large ratio between the height of the cranium and the height of the face) are on the list. People with large craniofacial ratios are, literally, highbrow.
男人喜欢什么长相的女人，这一点大家都知道，研究这个似乎是多余的。可以这么说，受欢迎的一些面貌特征就像贝尔耶夫驯化的狐狸一样（扁平的脸、小鼻子、下巴短、头盖骨高度和脸长之间比例大）。那些颅面部比例大的人通常被认为是文化修养高的人。
More intriguingly, the prence or abnce of such features skews parents’ attitudes to their offspring. At least 15 studies have shown that mothers treat attractive children more favourably than unattractive ones, even though they say they don’t and may actually belie
梦想有哪些
ve that. At least one of the studies showed this bias is true from birth.
