(完整版)国际贸易实务英文版第三版知识点及模拟题

更新时间:2023-07-17 04:33:24 阅读:21 评论:0

(完整版)国际贸易实务英⽂版第三版知识点及模拟题
国际贸易实务(下划线为重点记忆和理解,⽆的为⼀般记忆和了解)
Chapter one
1.国际贸易概念:International trad e is also known as worl d trad e, foreign trad e,
overas trad e. It refers to the process of fair and d eliberate exchange of goods or rvices between two or more countries, involving the u of two or more currencies. Besid es, international trad e concerns trad e operations of both import and export and includ es the purcha and sale of both visibl e and invisibl e goods.
2.(了解)
1)Resource reasons (natural resource, human resource and technology)
2)Economic reasons (economic benefits, comparative advantage and
economies of scal e)
3)Other reasons (political reasons, differences in tastes, preferences and
consumption patterns)
3.国际贸易与国内贸易的不同:
In particular, international trad e is more subject to:
Language habits and cultural differences
2)Foreign laws, customs and regulations or international rul es
3)Exchange rate fluctuations and interest rate
4)Higher l evel of political, financial and transportation risks
5)More compl ex business procedures therefore managers need a broad er
range of management skills
保护眼睛预防近视
4.
1)从货物流向(direction of cargo fl ow)分: export trad e, import trad e and transit trad e(过境贸易)
2)从参与的贸易⽅(the number of participants )分:direct trad e, indirect trad e and entrepot trad e(转⼝贸易)
转⼝贸易:entrepot trade refers to the transaction which involves importing goods for further processing or asmbling and the re-exporting the goods abroad. 转⼝贸易⼜称中转贸易或再输出贸易,是指国际贸易中进出⼝货物的买卖,不是在⽣产国和消费国之间直接进⾏,⽽是通过第三国转⼿进⾏的贸易。对于第三国来说,就是转⼝贸易,与过境贸易的最⼤区别在于货物的所有权会发⽣转移,并且只涉及⼀个贸易⽅。国际上有很多中转地,如新加坡,⾹港,⿅特丹等
3)从商品形式(form of goods)分:有形贸易(visibl e/tangibl e goods trad e)和⽆形贸易(invisibl e/intangibl e goods trad e)
barter trad e)和⾃由结汇贸易(free-liquidation trad e)
5.进出⼝贸易的程序:Export and import procedures:
transaction, the whol e operation und ergoes four stages:
1) the preparation of a transaction
2) the negotiation of the contract
3) the performance of the contract
4) the ttlement of disputes
其中第⼆个环节:
①Negotiation can be conducted in two forms:
ephone)
In writing (business correspond ence which includ es letters, faxes, e-mails)
小型兔②Four main steps: 询盘(enquiry), 发盘(offer), 还盘(counter-offer),接受(acceptance)
Chapter two 国际贸易术语
1.三种贸易术语的解释规则(three ts of rul es)
2) 美国对外贸易修正案1941(Revid American Foreign Trad e Definitions 1941)
3) 2000年国际贸易术语解释通则(International Rul es for the Interpretation of Trad e Terms 2000)
2. incoterms2000 的具体内容(E、F、C、D组的划分,重点在F、C类)(这个不知道怎么写,看书本P34-42)
3. 装运合同术语和到货合同术语区别
Shipment contract:起运前交付(the d elivery will happen at the time or before
)如:E F C 类
Arrival contract: 到达⽬的地后交付(d eliver at the time of arrival)
Symbolic d elivery:买⽅并没有实质性的接受到货物,⽽是通过⼀系列运输单据证明其交接。(the buyer d oes not physically receive the goods, the d elivery is proved by the submission of transport d ocument by the ller to the buyer)只意味着买⽅同意了买⽅交货的事实,并不代表买⽅接受了该批货物就是与合同⼀致的货物。
2尺6的腰围是多少厘米
小猫咪吃鱼Actual d elivery: the buyer (or his agent) physically receives the goods upon the Chapter three 出⼝商品的价格
1.出⼝商品价格的表达(expression of export price)
The standard format of a price in international trad e has four components
通常⼀个标准出⼝价格包括四个部分:
货币(a cod e of currency)
⾦额(a number indicating the price)
数量单位(a unit for measuring quantity)
贸易术语(a certain trad e term)
这是⼀种出⼝价格的表现形式,在纽约市⽤CIF贸易术语进⾏交易,每件货为22.5美元
2. 价格的计算
FOB= total cost + profit
以外国货币计算FOB= (Total cost + profit)/ Exchange rate
CFR价格:CFR= FOB + Ocean freight
CIF价格:CIF=FOB + Ocean freight +Insurance Premium
Insurance premium =CIF *(1+markup) *Premium rate(R)
蜂唐罗隐古诗CIF=CFR / (1-markup*R)
包含佣⾦(commission)的价格:
①Commission (C) = contract value * commission rate
②Price including C = net price / (1 – C rates)
Net price = price including C (1- C rates)
折扣价:Discount = contract price * discount rate
Actual price = contract price – discount
= contract price * (1- discount rate)
出⼝利润率(Export profit margin):
Export profit margin = export revenue (FOB) – export cost (FOB)
Export revenue (FOB)
公式中⽤的是FOB价格,即不包含运费保险费的价格,并且使⽤的是出⼝国货币。反映的是⼀单位的销售额能赚取多少的利润,越⼤越好
出⼝换汇成本(Export Cost for Foreign Exchange ):
export cost in local currency
默书Export revenue in foreign currency
该指标反映的是要赚取⼀单位的外国货币需要花费的本国货币成本,越⼩越好4. 定价的四个步骤:(要求能够知道概念和判断)
询盘:A potential client asks for information from the counterpart to his intention in buying or lling
of a certain commodity.
发盘:A sufficiently d efinite proposal ad dresd to one or more specific persons for concluding a contract, necessarily indicating the intention of the offeror to be bound in ca of acceptance.
还盘:A reply to an offer which contains ad ditions, limitations of other modifications.
接受:An unconditional statement mad e formally by or an action conducted by the offeree indicating asnt to an offer or counter-offer.
参考书上67-72页的⼏个exampl e
Chapter four 商品条款
1. 品质条款:
注:CISG规定,如果⼀项商品交易既凭描述性买卖⼜凭样品实物买卖,那么卖⽅必须使交货的商品同时符合这两个条件
1)商品质量⽤⽂字说明表⽰(sale by d escription)
凭规格买卖(sale by specification ): ⽤商品质量的若⼲指标,如⼤⼩、容量、成分等
凭等级买卖(sale by grad e ): 如⼀级⼆级,⼤中⼩号等
凭标准买卖(sale by standard ): 采⽤⼀些组织如ISO制定公布的标准。有两种主要的标准:良好平均品质 F.A.Q (多适⽤于农产品销售)和上好可销品质G.M.Q(多适⽤于⽊材,冷冻类产品)
凭品牌和商标买卖(sale by brand name or trade mark)
凭产地买卖(sale by origin)
凭说明书和图样买卖(sale by d escriptions or illustrations)
2)商品质量⽤实物样品表⽰(sale by sampl e)
留样(duplicate)
②凭买⽅样品买卖:⼜叫来样制作,但容易产⽣⼯业产权纠纷
③凭对等样品买卖(sal e by counter sampl e):对等样品⼜叫回样 a returned sampl e 或确认样a confirmed sampl e, 是卖⽅根据买⽅来样仿制的样品。为避免A counter sampl e is a replica mad e by
the ll er of the sampl e provid ed, normally by the
buyer. It is also call ed a returned sampl e or a confirmed sampl e.
2. 品质条款的注意事项(必须在合同中注明)
1)品质机动(Quality latitud e): means the permissibl e range within which the
exibly controll ed. 是指对特定质量指标在⼀定幅度内可以机动。
2)品质公差(Quality tol erance): refers to the quality d eviation recognized, which 是指允许交付货物的特定质量指标在公认的⼀定范围内的差异。
3)保障条款(Safeguard Clau): 保护卖⽅避免受到因⼯业产权和知识产权⽽受到不应该的控告
3.计量⽅法(measuring quantity)
国际贸易中主要使⽤的度量衡制度有四种:公制(metric system), 美制(U.S. system),英制(British system)和国际单位制(International system of units).
主要单位有:
重量(weight): ton, gram, kil ogram, pound, ounce . 注意:ton有metric ton( 1016KG) 和short ton(907KG) 之分,合同中如果未注明,很容易产⽣纠纷。
容积(capacity): gallon, liter, bushel ….
个数(number): piece, package, pair, t, gross, d ozen, head, ca, barrel, drum,
长度(l ength): yard, meter, foot, centimeter…..
⾯积(area)….
体积(volume): cubic yard, cubit meter…..
1)⽑重Gross weight: 商品连同包装的重量
2)净重Net weight:
3)条件重量Conditioned weight:The dry weight of commodity plus the
标准回潮率(standard regain rate): the ratio between the water content and the dry weight of the goods, which is accepted in the worl d market or agreed
upon by the ll er and the buyer 实际回潮率(actual regain rate ): the ratio between the actual regaining water Conditioned weight = dried net weight *(1 + standard regain rate)
= 4)理论重量(Theoretical weight):when the total weight of the product is
quantity and the unit weight, rather than
measured actually. 适⽤于固定规格和体积的商品。
5)法定重量(Legal weight):The weight of goods including the immediate,
通常法定重量是征收关税的依据。
5. 包装的类型
1)包括裸装货(nud e cargo ), 散装货(bulk cargo),包装货(packed cargo)
2)运输包装(transport packing )⼜称 shipping packing, outer packing, big
packing, is mainly ad opted to facilitate cargo transportation.
包装容器(container): ca, drums, bags, bales, crate …..
包装⽅法(method of packing ): 单位包装(unit packing )和集中包装(coll ective
packing). 其中集中包装主要由托盘
Chapter five 国际货物运输
1. 班轮和租船运输 1)班轮运输(liner transportation ):是在⼀定航线上,在⼀定的停靠港⼝,定期
⑴班轮运输的特点:班轮四固定
船期固定(), 航线固定(specified route ), 停靠港
⼝固定(routes with fixed ba ports )和运费率相对固定(comparatively fixed
freight rates )
⑵班轮的种类:⼯会同盟班轮(conference liners )和⾮⼯会同盟班轮
(non-conference liners )
⑶货物由承运⼈负责配载装卸并承担费⽤(包括如速遣费和滞期费等额外费⽤)
机械键盘键位图⑷运费的构成(composition of liner freight ): 基本运费(basic freight )和附加
费(surcharges and ad ditionals )
Total Freight = Total Quantity x Basic Rate x (1+Surcharge / Additional Rates)
⑸基本运费的计算标准
返璞归真是什么意思
①重量吨W (weight ton)
②体积吨M (measurement ton)
③W/M –重量和体积,取⾼者 (Note: 1WT=1MT)
④基于商品价值A.V.–根据商品FOB 价值的百分⽐收费
⑤W/M or A.V. –重量、体积、价值⽐较,取最⾼费率者,要先将W 、M 换算成
basic rate
再⽐较。注意单位
⑥Unit/Head
⑦最低费率Minimum Rate –对于数量太⼩的货物设定最低费率
⑧临时议定运价Open Rate –对于⼤宗价值低⽆包装的货物
参考书本P121页例题
⑹附加费和附属费(了解)
Surcharge 附加费– beyond our control
Bunker Surcharge (bunker adjustment factor / BAF) 燃油附加费(15% of the cost)
Currency Surcharge (currency adjustment factor / CAF) 货币贬值附加费
Port Congestion Surcharge 港⼝拥挤附加费
Deviation Surcharge 绕道附加费
Port Surcharge 港⼝附加费
Additionals
Heavy lift additional / Extra charges on heavy lifts 超重费(over 5 M/T)

本文发布于:2023-07-17 04:33:24,感谢您对本站的认可!

本文链接:https://www.wtabcd.cn/fanwen/fan/89/1084635.html

版权声明:本站内容均来自互联网,仅供演示用,请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系,我们将在24小时内删除。

标签:贸易   货物   买卖   术语   样品
相关文章
留言与评论(共有 0 条评论)
昵称:
匿名发表 登录账号
         
   
验证码:
推荐文章
排行榜
Copyright ©2019-2022 Comsenz Inc.Powered by © 专利检索| 网站地图