独立主格结构：
独立主格结构，又叫独立结构（absolute construction）.它在句法上游离与句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何语法联系；但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，给他构成一个完整的寓意环境。独立主格结构没有主语和位于，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。
独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾，用逗号上与主句隔开。
一、独立主格结构的形式
独立结构可分为俩部分，一部分事名词或代词（主格），起着逻辑主语的作用；另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态或动作。
1） 名词/代词+形容词
I heard that she got injured in the accident , my heart full of worry. 我听说她在这次事故中受了伤，内心充满担忧。
He stood silent in the moon-light, his door open .月光下，门开着，他默默地站在那。
2）名词/代词+现在分词
Winter coming ，it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
The rain having stopped ,he went out for a walk. 雨停了，他出去散散步。
3）名词/代词+过去分词
More time given ,we should have done it much better. 如果给我们更多时间，我们会做的更好。
The boy stood there , his right hand raid. 那个男生站在那里，右手高举。
4）名词/代词（主格）+不定式
Here are the first two volumes , the third one to come out next month.
这是前俩卷，第三卷将于下雨问世。
The two boy said good-bye to each other ,one to go home ,the other to go to his friend\s儿童手工做灯笼
俩个男孩彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。
5）名词/代词+介词短语
The huntsman entered the forest ,gun in hand. 那个猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。
注意：这里 gun in hand 还可以说成 with a gun in hand。 但不可以说 a gun in hand 或 gun in his hand。
6）名词/代词+副词
Nobody in ,the thief took a lot of things away. 由于没有人，小偷拿走了许多东西。
Lunch over ,he left the hou .But he was thinking.午饭结束，他离开了路。但他还在考虑。
7） 名词/代词+名词
He fought the wolf ,a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏斗着，唯一的为武器是一根棍棒。
8）with 复合结构
它的构成是：“with+宾语+宾语补足语”。宾语由代词、名词、名词词组充当，宾语由分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等充当。稼轩居士
Holms and Watson sat with the light on for half an hour.
福尔摩斯和沃森坐着，让灯亮了半个小时。（介词短语）
He ud to sleep with the door open . 他过去常开着门睡觉 （形容词）
With a boy leading the way ,they started towards the village.
由一个小男孩领着路，他们朝那个村子去了。（现在分词）
wps云盘
With the work done ,he went home. 工作做完后，他回了家。（过去分词）
With you to help us, we will finish the task in time
有你来帮忙，我们将会及时完成任务。（不定式）
Hong Kong looks more beautiful with thou-sands of lights on night .
夜里，香港万盏灯火，分外美丽。（副词）
从以上例句可以看出：在with 复合结构中，宾语和宾补之间形成逻辑上的主谓关系。当这种主谓关系表现为主动语态是，用现代分词：当这种主谓关系表现为被动语态是，用过去分词：当这种主谓关系表示将来意义是，用不定时：当这种主谓关系辨识伴随意义时，用现在分词或副词。
三、独立主格结构的功能
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，七作用相当于一个撰于从句，常用来辨识时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。股票黑马
1） 表示时间 Her work done ,she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
2） 表示条件 The condition being favourable , she may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能
成功。
3） 表示原因 There being taxis , we had to walk.没有出坐车，我们只好步行。
4） 表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors ,silver the best of all.
几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。
四、形式选择中应该注意的问题
1）现在分词还是过去分词？
在独立主格结构中，主格词语分词形成逻辑主语关系时，用现在分词，如：Winter coming,
it gets colder and colder.一句中，“春天”和“到来”是逻辑主谓关系，用现在分词；主格词与分词形成逻辑动宾关系时，用过去分词，如：More money given ,we should have nt more employees to the mother
company to get trained. 一句中，“money”和“give”是动宾关系（被动关系），用过去分词。
在独立主格结构中，如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动词时间之前，常用现在分词完成时态表示。如：The snow having stopped ,she went out to sweep the snow in the yard
现在分词与过去分词的性质完全不同，但在独立结构中，有时却有共同之处：子安在分词的被动式有时可以简化为过去分词，例如：
As her skirt was caught on a nail, she could not move.
Her skirt being caught on a nail , she could move.
Her skirt caught on a nail , she could move.
After his work had been finished , he went home.
His work having been finished , he went home.
His work finished , he went home.鲁迅的小故事
2) 分词结构还是独立主格结构
上面的例子告诉我们，独立主格常常可以看做是由复合句中的从句变来的。但是，如果从句和主句的主语相同，则不可改为独立结构。例如：
河南三本分数线 Since he was very tired with his work , he soon fell asleep and forgot his trouble.
不可改为：He being very tired with his work ,he ….但可改为：Being very tired with his work ,he…
比较：判断动名词复合结构的方式
主语位置上。或动词、介词后的“名词代词+非谓语动词”，如果表示的是一个时间则是动名词复合结构而不是“名词+定语”，请看以下各例：
He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping.
A left B being left C leaving D be left
The road _________ caud us to stop our work for half an hour.
A blocked B was block C blocking D being blocked
The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son_______ to college.
A had been admitted B admitted C having been admitted D having admitted
Quebec,which was originally colonized by France ,was lost to the British in 1763.(P2 L26)
Be lost in 1)消失在…中
The ship________(消失在风暴中)
2） 陷入（沉思等）：被….所吸引
For some time he emed lost in thought.
3)在…中迷路，迷失在…
竹扇We are lost in the forest置业顾问年终总结.(在森林里迷路了)
be lost to …… 失去，没有……
the opportunity is lost to him .(他没有机会了)
C (1)_______to the British,Quebec was originally colonized by Erance
A.Being lost B.To lo C.Lost D.Losing
