现在完成时
1．构成：have/ has + done(过去分词)
2．时间状语：already, just, yet, ever, never, once, twice, recently, the days, since, in the past few weeks, for+一段时间, 等
3．用法：（1）过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果；
如：I’ve already finished my homework.
Have you finished your homework yet? Yes, I have. /No, I haven’t.
Has Tom had his breakfast yet? Yes, he has. He has just had it.
（2）从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，可一和从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用。
如：She has been ill for three days.
Great changes have taken place in my hometown since 1979.
比较：*Since 后面跟具体的时间，或者后面跟一个从句。
如：I have worked here since 1989.
He has lived here since he came here.
I have been in this school since two years ago.
*For后面接表示一段时间的短语。
They have been here for two years.
I have been a student there for nearly two and a half years.
I have kept the library book for a week.= I have kept the library book since a week ago.
*另外It is /has been +一段时间 + since 从句：表示自从某事发生已有一段时间了.
eg. It is /has been two years since my brother joined the army.
4．试分析比较：
现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：
现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in 1990等。而一般过去时口头表达只表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生联系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。
I have en the film already. 我已经看过这部电影了。
I saw the film yesterday. 我昨天看了这部电影。
He has just come back from Beijing. 他刚刚从北京回来。
He came back from Beijing just now. 刚才他从北京回来了。
He died in 1993. 他死于1993年。（强调死亡时间）
He has been dead for ten years. 他已死了十年了。（强调持续时间）
He lived here in 1973.1973年他住在这儿。（不涉及现在是否住在这儿）
He has lived here since 1973.1973年以来他就住在这儿。（现在还住在这儿）
5．注意事项：have been to (曾去过某地)； have gone to(到某地去了)
She has been to the library. 她去过图书馆。（现在不在那儿了，可能回来了。）
She has gone to the library. 她去图书馆了。（人不在这儿，去图书馆了。）
1.since 引导的从句中动词用过去时
2.when 引导的特殊问句不与现在完成时连用.
3.have got/has got 虽然是现在完成时,但have got=have; has got==has
4.现在完成时中have been to, have gone to和have been in/at
(1) have been to去过某地,表示某人的一种经历,和once, twice, already, ever, never等连用.
eg. She has been to Shanghai twice. (表示目前人在这里)
(2)have gone to 去某地了,说话时某人已离开此地,在去某地的途中或已在某地,
eg. She has gone to Shanghai。 (表示现在她人不在这里)
(3)have been in/at 逗留在某地(已经一段时间).常和for ten days, since I came here等连用.
个人工作证明范本eg. She has been in Shanghai since she moved there
6．过去分词构成：
（1）规则动词的过去分词构成和动词过去式相同。
（2）部分常用不规则过去分词：
原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 |
Buy | bought | bought | win | won | won | take | took | taken |
Find | found | found | sit | sat | sat | eat | ate | eaten |
Get | got | got | sleep | slept | slept | go | went | gone |
Have | had | had | spend | spent | spent | e | saw | en |
Hear | heard | heard | stand | stood | stood | speak | spoke | spoken 刘兆云 |
Leave陌生的英文 | left | left | teach | taught | taught | am,is | was | been |
Lo | lost | lost | think | thought | thought | are | were | been |
Make | made | made | cut | cut | cut | become | became | become |
Meet | met | met | put | put | put | break | broke | broken |
Send | nt | nt | read | read | read | choo | cho | chon |
Sweep | swept | swept | t | t | t | draw | drew | drawn |
Tell | told | told | shut | shut | shut | fall | fell | fallen |
Feel | felt | felt | let | let | let | drive | drove | driven |
Say | said | said | hit | hit | hit | ride | rode | ridden |
Catch | caught | caught | cost | cost | cost | swim | swam | swum |
Build | built | built | do | did | done | begin | began | begun |
Bring | brought | brought | come | came | come | drink | drank | drunk |
Sell | sold | sold | give | gave | given | sing | sang | sung |
Lend | lent | lent | know | knew | known | fly | flew | flown |
| | | | | | | | |
Keep | kept | kept | blow | blew | blown | forget | forgot | forgotten |
Hold | 面包的家常做法held | held | throw | threw | thrown | wear | wore | worn |
Mean | meant | meant | show | showed | shown | write | wrote | written |
| | | | | | | | |
wake-----waked,woke-------waked,woke,woken; shine-----shone,shined---- shone,shined
smell----smelt,smelled----- smelt,smelled; learn----learned,learnt------ learned,learnt
7．延续性动词
1.英语动词根据词义可分为两种,一种是延续性的,一种是终止性的,终止性动词(也可称为非延续性动词,瞬间动词,或点动词),如begin, start, die, buy, leave, come等,表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续,所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,即不能与表示一段时间的状语,for+时间段, since+时间点/从句连用,也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句中.
e.g. I've left Shanghai for three days.(×)
I've been away from Shanghai for three days.( √ ).
I left Shanghai three days ago. ( √ )
It is /has been three days since I left Shanghai.( √ )
适合结婚的歌曲
2.初中英语课本中常见终止性动词有:leave, go, come, arrive, begin, buy, borrow, die,
join, become等.终止性动词要表示持续时, 可用以下方法:
⑴.将时间状语改为时间段 + ago,句中谓语动词用一般过去时.
eg.我弟弟参军两年了. My brother joined the army two years ago.
=My brother has been in the army for two years.
节字成语
=My brother has been a soldier for two years.
⑵.若保留for+时间段,since+时间点/从句, 或用在 how long 句型中,则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词
常见终止性动词与延续性动词(或状态动词)的对应关系如下:
瞬间动词 | 延续性动词 | 瞬间动词 | 延续性动词 |
Buy | have | end/finish | be over |
Open | be open | catch a cold | have a cold |
Die | be dead | join the army | be in the army be a soldier |
Clo | be clod | join the Party | be in the Party be a Party member |
Leave | be away (from) | put on | wear |
Borrow | keep | become | be |
begin/start | be on | fall asleep | be asleep |
come/go/arrive/get/reach/move | be in/at | | |
| | | |
什么是控制测量现在完成时的典型错误分析
１．你看过这部电影了吗？
误：Did you e the film? 正：Have you en the film?
析：e是发生在谈话以前某一没有明确指明的时间，但该动作所产生的结果现在还存在，即对电影内容了解。所以要用现在完成时。
２．你什么时候学会这个词？
误：When have you learnt the word? 正：when did you learn the word?
析：疑问副词一般不能与现在完成时连用。
３．——你看这部电影了吗？
——看过了。
——你在哪儿看的？
——我在北京看的。
——Have you en the film?
——Yes I have.
