英⽂契约中的indemnity、remedy与damage的区别英⽂契约中的indemnity、remedy与damage的区别
如果查⼀般字典,可查到indemnity是赔偿、补偿的意思,再查remedy,竟也是赔偿与补偿的意思,⽽damage则是损害赔偿的意思,这些名词是否同义,可否混合使⽤?
事实上,这些名词确实不易区分,但有时在同⼀份英⽂契约上,既有indemnity条款,却也有remedy条款,⽽damage⼜时常存在于这两条款中,如谓三者可通⽤,则为何会有不同的表⽰⽅式?显见三者必有差别。
为使这三个名词容易区分,吾⼈试将indemnity、remedy及damage翻为「担保赔偿条款」、「赔偿⽅法」及「损害赔偿」(不过,这是便宜的翻法,只是使⼤家容易区分此三者性质,切勿以词害义)。
12月2日是什么星座Indemnity其实含有担保及赔偿的双重意义,亦即,⼀⽅担保不使他⽅受有损害,他⽅若受有损害则由该⼀⽅负责赔偿(或补偿)。兹先举⼀例”INDEMNITY:Lender hereby agrees to indemnify Company, Company’s successors, licenes, distributors, sub-distributors and assigns, and the respective officers, directors, agents and employees of each of the foregoing, from and against any damages, liabilities, costs and expens, including reasonable attorneys’ fees actually incurred, arising out of or in any way connected with any claim, demand or action inconsistent with this Agreement or any warranty, reprentation or agreement made by Lender” (⼤意为:贷⽅同意补偿对⽅、对⽅之继受⼈、东莞活动策划
被授权⼈、经销者、转经销者、权利受让⼈以及前述⼈等的职员、董事,使其免于因贷⽅违反契约之担保、声明及其它合意所造成之损失,此等损失包括任何损害赔偿、责任、花费及合理的律师费⽤),这种条款原是拿来免除⼀⽅因另⼀⽅违反担保约定,致第三⼈求偿所造成的损失,亦即约定这些损失应由另⼀⽅负担。但我们常见契约内的indemnity并不限于前述第三⼈求偿的情形,即便是契约相对⼈也可依此条款求偿。前引之例,我们可以将之视为就是损害赔偿的求偿范围约定,亦即将种种费⽤都约到契约⾥,以免除法院认为原告主张惩罚性损害赔偿(即penalty,英美契约禁⽌这种惩罚性质的赔偿)的疑虑。易⾔之,indemnity除要求⼀⽅负担保之责外,亦有订出损害赔偿范围的意味,所以我们有时候看到indemnity订了好长⼀条,都是在列对⽅违约时应赔偿的种种费⽤,此时,当然,能删则删之。须知,英⽂契约⾥通常会明定标题不作为契约之⼀部,所以不要太执着
于indemnity的字⾯意义(其担保及⾮契约责任之性质),⽽应从整体内容去理解。
姓谢
梦见去爬山⾄于remedy,其意含就⽐较明确,通常指的是⼀⽅违约时,他⽅得主张之损害赔偿⽅法。例如”Remedy:Buyer, in the event of a material breach of this Agreement, as defined elwhere in this Agreement, shall have the right, in Buyer’s sole discretion, to do any of the following:1. Return nonconforming goods and ek a refund or credit for tho goods which have been returned;2. Purcha like goods from another source. If Buyer choos this remedy, Seller shall be responsible for the difference in any costs associated with such purcha;or 3. Terminate this Agreement.” (买
⽅在卖⽅违约时可选择退货、购买他家货品请卖⽅补差价或终⽌契约),在契约上也常见双⽅将remedy仅限在⾦钱损害赔偿,以免其它求偿⽅法过于繁琐。山西人社厅
最后,来看damage(s)。如前所述,remedy是赔偿⽅法,⽽damage(s)就是赔偿⽅法中最常见的⼀种,也就是通常所称的损害赔偿。不过,须注意,damage(s)有两层意义,⼀是原始意义,⼀是衍⽣意义,原始意义为损害,衍⽣意义始为损害赔偿,此处指的是后者。英美法之损害赔偿,原则上为⾦钱赔偿,例外始为回复原状(restitution),与我国法制相反。
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总结说来,indemnity主要是⼀⽅担保他⽅免于受到第三⼈主张之损害,但实际条款中则兼有预定损害赔偿范围的意
make音标味,remedy是指违约赔偿的⽅法,⾄于damage(s)则是最常见的违约赔偿⽅法。男性生殖器按摩