第11章语言学与语言教学
11.1 复习笔记
本章要点：
象棋排名1. The relation between linguistics and language teaching
帅气的名字网名语言学与语言教学之间的关系
2. Grammar, input and language learning
我讨厌语法、输入与语言学习
3. Interlanguage in language teaching
语言教学中的中介语
4. Linguistics and syllabus design
语言学与教学大纲设计
5. Contrastive analysis and error analysis
对比分析与错误分析
6. Corpus linguistics and language teaching
语料库语言学与语言教学
常考考点：
语言学与语言教学的关系；语言学与语言学习；语言学与教学大纲设计；二语学习者的主要障碍；对比分析与错误分析；中介语；语料库语言学与语言教学等。团组织推优
本章内容索引：
I. Definition of Applied Linguistics
II. The Relation between Linguistics and Language Teaching III. Linguistics and Language Learning
1. Grammar and Language Learning
2. Input and Language Learning
3. Interlanguage in Language Learning
IV. Linguistics and Language T eaching
乙酰吉他霉素含片1. The discour-bad view of language teaching
2. The universal grammar (UG) and language teaching V. Syllabus Design
1. Syllabus and curriculum
2. Theoretical views behind syllabus design
3. Types of syllabus
(1) The structural syllabus
(2) The situational syllabus
(3) The communicative syllabus
(4) The task-bad syllabus
警察衔级4. Current trends in syllabus design
(1) The co-existence of the old and the new
(2) The emphasis on the learning process
(3) The inclusion of non-linguistic objectives in syllabus
(4) The emergency of the multi-syllabus
VI. Contrastive Analysis (CA) and Error Analysis (EA)
1. Contrastive Analysis (CA)
2. Error Analysis (EA)
(1) Error vs. mistake
(2) Different types of errors
3. The procedure of error analysis
(1) Recognition
(2) Description
(3) Explanation
VII. Corpus Linguistics and Language Teaching
1. Types of corpora
(1) General corpora
(2) Specialized corpora
(3) Sample corpora
(4) Monitor corpora
2. Information provided by corpora
(1) Frequency information
(2) Context and co-text information
(3) Grammatical information
(4) Collocation and phraology information
(5) Pragmatics information
亚述人
I. Definition of Applied Linguistics (应用语言学的定义)
Broadly speaking, applied linguistics refers to the study of language and linguistics in relation to language-related problems, such as lexicography, translation, etc. Applied linguistics us information from linguistics with the aim to develop its own theoretical models of areas, such as syllabus design, speech therapy, language planning, stylistics etc. Narrowly speaking, applied linguistics refers to the study of cond and foreign language learning and teaching, i.e. the study of language and linguistics in relation to language learning and teaching.积分几何
从广义上讲，应用语言学是对语言、语言学与语言相关的问题的研究，例如词典编纂学，翻译等。应用语言学运用来自语言学的信息来发展它自身理论模块部分，例如教学大纲设计，言语治疗，语言规划，文体学等。从狭义上讲，应用语言学是指对第二语言和语言教学的研究，例如研究语言和语言学与语言教学的关系。
II. The Relation between Linguistics and Language Teaching (语言学与语言教学的关系)
Language teaching is a ction of applied linguistics and applied linguistics is part (or a branch) of linguistics. Some knowledge of linguistics will not only help language teachers to better understand the nature of language, but also help them better understand how to teach language. Theoretical approaches of language explicitly or implicitly inform the approaches and methods adopted in language
teaching.
【考点：语言学与语言教学对于语言的不同看法】
语言教学是应用语言学的一个部分，而应用语言学又是语言学的一个分支。掌握一些语言学的知识不仅有助于这些读者进一步认识语言本质，也有助于他们更加深入地理解如何教好语言。语言学理论直接地或间接地影响着语言教学的途径和方法。
III. Linguistics and Language Learning (语言学与语言学习)
Many language learning theories are propod bad on certain linguistic theories. Actually, knowledge in linguistics lies at the root of understanding what language learners can learn, how they learn and what they learn ultimately. Therefore, linguistics has always played an important role in the studies of language acquisition and learning.
许多语言学习理论都是基于某种语言学理论提出的。事实上，语言学知识能够使我们真正理解学习者能够学习什么样的语言，怎样学习语言以及最终能够学到什么。因此，语言学在语言习得研究和语言
学习研究中一直起着十分重要的作用。
1. Grammar and Language Learning (语法与语言学习)
The discrete-point grammar instruction conducted by more traditional language teachers has been widely criticized for focusing on forms and ignoring meanings. A recent movement called “focus on form” ems to be the outcome of the compromi between the “purely form-focud approaches”and the “purely meaning-focud approaches”. It has a more balanced view on the role of
grammar in language teaching.
The relevance of Universal Grammar (UG) and complexity language structures are the two variables concerning the amenability of language elements to focus on form. According to the advocates of focus on form, if an L2 structure is part of UG, the amenability is high; otherwi, the amenability is low. In focus on form, different measures will be taken with a regard to whether the amenability of a form (structure) is high or low.
很多传统的语言教师将语法割裂为孤立的语法知识点来分别讲解，这种做法已经受到广泛的批评，因为它仅仅关注语言形式而忽略了语言的意义。作为“完全以语言形式为中心”和“完全以语言意义为中心”的折中途径，近年来出现的“关注语言形式”(focus on form)对语言学习中语法的作用采取了一种折中的态度。
主要有两个变量影响语言成分在“关注语言形式”中的顺从性，即普遍语法(UG)的相关度和语言结构的复杂度。“关注语言形式”的支持者们认为，如果二语中的某个结构是普遍语法的一部分，它的顺从性就高；否则，顺从性则低。在“关注语言形式”的教学中，我们会根据语言结构顺从性的高与低来采取不同的措施。
2. Input and Language Learning (输入和语言学习)
Evidently, language learning can take place when the learner has enough access to input in the target language. This input may come in written or spoken form. In the ca of spoken input, it may occur in the context of interaction (i.e. the learner attempts to conver with a foreign speaker, a teacher, or another learner) or in the context of non-reciprocal discour (for example, listening to the music or
