语⾔学教案Chapter2SpeechSounds Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
2.1 Speech production and perception
2.2 Speech organs
2.3 Segments, divergences, and phonetic transcription
2.3.1 Segments and divergences
2.3.2 Phonetic transcription
2.4 Consonants
2.4.1 Consonants and vowels
2.4.2 Consonants
2.4.3 Manners of articulation
2.4.4 Places of articulation
2.4.5 The consonants of English
2.5 V owels
2.5.1 The criteria of vowel description
2.5.2 The theory of cardinal vowels
2.5.3 V owel glides
2.5.4 The vowels of RP
2.6 Coarticulation and phonetic transcription
2.6.1 Coarticulation
2.6.2 Broad and narrow transcriptions
2.7 Phonological analysis
2.8 Phonemes and allophones
2.8.1 Minimal pairs
2.8.2 The phoneme theory
2.8.3 Allophones
2.9 Phonological process
2.9.1 Assimilation
2.9.2 Phonological process and phonological rules
2.9.3 Rule ordering
2.10 Distinctive features
2.11 Syllables
2.11.1 The syllable structure
2.11.2 Sonority scale
菱角怎么煮好吃
2.11.3 Syllabification and the maximal ont principle
2.12 Stress
2.1 Speech production and perception立冬的诗词
Language i s first and foremost a “system of vocal symbols”.
Sound is prior to writing.
Phonetics: the study of sounds
Phonology: the study of sound patterns.
Speech Speech
Production Perception
(Speaker A) (Speech B)
●ARTICULATORY PHONETICS: the study of the production of speech sounds
●ACOUSTIC PHNETICS: the study of physical properties of sounds produced in speech
●AUDITORY PHONETIC: the study of perception of speech sounds
2.2 Speech organs
SPEECH ORGANS(or VOCAL ORGANS): parts of the human body involved in the production of speech
Lung
Trachea(or windpipe)
Throat: pharynx, larynx
No
Mouth: tongue, parts of palate
VOCAL TRACT
AIRSTREAM: source of energy
Pulmonic & Non-pulmonic
LARYNX
V ocal folds, and ventricular folds
Positions of vocal folds
●Apart: [p, s, t]
●Clo together: [b, z, d]
●Totally together: glottal stop
PHARYNX
MOUTH
Upper lip, upper teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate (velum), uvula
Lower lip, lower teeth, tongue, mandible(lower jaw 下腭)
TONGUE:
tip, blade, front, back, root
2.3 Segments, divergences, and phonetic transcription
2.3.1 Segments and divergences
SEGMENT
< above(“e” is silent)
QUESTION: Why divergence between sound and symbol?
2.3.2 Phonetic transcription
Questions: Why do we need phonetic transcription?
International Phonetic Alphabet
2.4 Consonants
2.4.1 Consonants and vowels
CONSONATNS are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow or air in the oral cavity.
VOWELS are produced without such obstruction so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.
SEMI-VOWEL/SEMI-CONSONA TNT
2.4.2 Consonants
NOTE: In the production of consonants at least two articulators are involved. E.g. bad
(a) MANNERS OF ARTICULATION
劳动模范的故事
(b) PLACES OF ARTICULATION
2.4.3 Manners of articulation
(1) STOP/POSITIVE
NASAL STOP (or NASAL): [m, n, ]
ORAL STOP (or STOP): e.g. [p, b, t, d]
(2) FRICATIVE: [f, v, h]
(3) (MEDIAN) APPROXIMANT
(4) LATERAL (APPROXIMANT): [l]
(5) Others
TRILL (or ROLL)
TAP(or FLAP)
AFFRICATIVE
< “ch-” in “church”
掩盖的反义词2.4.4 Places of articulatio n
(1) BILABIAL
(2) LABIODENTAL
(3) DENTAL: made by the tongue tip or blade and the upper front teeth, e.g. [ , ?]. (Only
fricative are strict dental)
INTERDENTAL
(4) ALVEOLAR: made with the tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge
(5) POSTALVEOLAR
(6) RETROFLEX: “r” of red.
(7) PALATAL
(8) VERLAR: [k, g] in cat and get
(9) UVULAR: rural Northern accent, “r” in try
(10) PHARYNGEAL
(11) GLOTTAL
2.4.5 The consonants of English
Received pronunciation (RP) (or BBC English, Oxford English)
[p] voiceless bilabial stop
[b] voiced bilabial stop
[s] voiceless alveolar fricative
2.5 V owels
2.5.1 The criteria of vowel description
C.f. V owels vs. consonants
杯子的简笔画
Obstruction of airstream
Criteria of vowels:
●The part of the tongue that is raid — front, center, or back
●The extent to which the tongue ris in the direction of the palate — high, mid (mid-high and
mid-low), low
●The kind of opening made at the lips — various degrees of lip rounding or spreading
●The position of the soft palate — raid for oral vowels, and lowered for nasalized vowels
2.5.2 The theory of cardinal vowels
Cardinal vowels (基本元⾳)
1844 A. J. Ellis
1867 A. M. Bell, Visible Speech
宫崎骏动画电影
1917 Daniel Jones, Outline of English Phonetics (1962)
CARDIANL VOWELS
Cardinal vowel diagram
SCHW A (中性元⾳): the tongue position for the neutral vowel [?] is neither high nor low and neither front nor back
2.5.3 V owel glides
PURE VOWELS (or MONOPHTHONGS)
VOWEL GLIDES
●Diphthongs
●Triphthongs
2.5.4 The vowels of RP
General agreement on vowels despite minute difference
组织生活会程序Unttled issues:
●Speaker’s accent and personal preference. E.g. [?] [е] in bed and peg; [aI] or [ΛI]
●The length of a particular vowel may vary according to the context in which they occur.
< vowel before a voiced consonant﹥vowel before a voiceless consonant
bead ﹥beat≈bid
Ten vowel & Lax vowel
2.6 Coarticulation and phonetic transcription
一月的英文缩写2.6.1 Coarticulation
NOTE: Sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.
COARTICULATION
Anticipatory coarticulation: lamp
Perverative coarticulatio n: map
2.6.2 Broad and narrow transcriptions
DIACRITICS
< Nasalization:[a] in lamb has some quality of the following nasal is labeled as [?] BROAD TRANSCRIPTIONS NARROW TRANSCRIPTIONS
2.7 Phonological analysis
C.f. phonetics & phonology
PHONETICS: a branch of linguistics which studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted, and received; the study of all possible speech sounds
PHONOLOGY: a branch of linguistics which studies the sound system of language; the study of the
way in which speakers of a language systematically u a lection of the sounds in order to express meaning.
PHONOLOGICAL STRUCTURE: which sound units are ud and how they pattern
2.8 Phonemes and allophones
2.8.1 Minimal pairs
T or F: All the sounds cau change in the meaning of a word.
C.f. tin & din
tin [tin] din [din]
MIMIMAL PAIRS
PHONEME: the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words
