1.classification of words
(1)variable and invariable words
variable words may have inflective changes. Such as follow –follows-followed-following. Invariable words do not have inflective changes. Such as since, when, ldom, through, etc.
(2)grammatical words and lexical words
grammatical words are tho that mainly work for constructing group, pha, clau, clau complex, or even text. Such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns. Lexical words are mainly work for referring to substance, action, and quality.
(3)Clod-class words and open-class words环保图
Clod-class is one who membership is fixed or limited, such as pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions. Open-class is one who membership is in principle infinite or unlimited, such as auxiliary verbs.
(4)Word class
A few more word class have been introduced into grammar, such as particles, auxiliaries, pro-form and determiners.
2.Sen relations
(1)域名注册信息查询Synonymy: it is the technical name for the sameness relation. Eg. Buy and purcha, world and univer.
(2)Antonymy: it is the name for oppositeness relation. Three are three types: gradable antonymy , complementary antonymy and conver antonymy.
(3)Hyponymy: it is of recent creation, is a matter of class membership.
3.How many types of morphemes are there in the English language?
(1)Free morpheme and bound morpheme
Free morphemes are tho that may occur alone, which may make up words by themlves; bound morphemes are tho that cannot occur alone, which must appear with at least one different morpheme.
(2)Root, affix and stem
甜的反义词
A root is the ba form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning; an affix is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be ud only when added to another morpheme; a stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes
天那边(3)
4.what are the design features of human language?
(1)arbitrariness (2)duality (3)creativity (4)displacement
中国肢残人协会
2、how do you understand the distinction?
The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a Diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.
3、what are the major distinctions?
王子猷居山阴(1) langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual u. (2) langue is the t of conventions and rules which language urs all have to follow while parole is the concrete u of the conventions and the application of the rules. (3)langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually u, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events.(4)langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.
4、how do you understand
Chomsky defines competence as the ideal ur’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized t of rules enables the language urs to produce and understand an infinitely large number of ntences and recognize ntences that are ungrammatical and ambigous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performance may have mistakes becau of social and phychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence. Which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.
5、what are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?
They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds ud in all human languages; how they are produced, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how the sounds are ud to convey meaning in linguistic communication..
上海万国公墓6、how many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? There are 3 types of morphemes.
(1)free morpheme and bound morpheme(2)root, affix and stem(3)inflectional affix and derivational affix
7、what are the main features of the English compounds?
Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two parate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound, is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meaning of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.
8、霸道意思what are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?
An endocentric construction is one who distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which rves as the center, or head,
of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction who distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constitunents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.
