Chapter 1 Invitation to Linguistics
1.Language (语言) (p.2): A systematic system of meaningful symbols ud for human communication, e.g. Chine, English, Russian, etc. .
2.Design features of language (语言的区别性特征) (p.3): Features that distinguish human language from animal communication.
Arbitrariness of language (任意性): The arbitrariness of language refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs generally bear no natural relationship to the meanings they carry (p.4).
什么叫闭环管理Duality of language(二重性): : The duality of language refers to the fact that human language has two levels of structures.
Creativity of language (创造性): Becau of its duality and recursiveness, language is resourceful and is capable of producing various and numerous expressions. (p.7)
Displacement of language (移位性): Human languages enable their urs to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not prent in time and space at the moment of communication. (p.7)
3.Functions of language: informative信息功能机动车验车新规定interpersonal function人际功能performative施为功能定位市场emotive function感情功能phatic communion寒暄功能recreational function娱乐功能metalingual function元语言功能
4.Branches of linguistics (语言学分支) (p.15): Different fields/areas of linguistic study
Phonetics语音学, phonology音系学，morphology形态学, syntax句法学，mantics语义学，pragmatic语用学
5.Interdisciplinary fields of linguistics (跨学科语言学) (p.18): Fields of linguistic studies that are related to other sciences, incl. psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, etc.
6.Major distinctions in linguistics (语言学中的相对概念) (p.20): Contrastive pairs of linguistic concepts, e.g. prescriptive grammar vs. descriptive grammar, language compet
ence vs. language performance, etc
Chapter 2瓣怎么组词 Speech Sounds
1.The IPA (国际音标) (p.28): A system of symbols designed to reprent sounds of various languages, esp. vowels and consonants.
2.Consonants and vowels (辅音和元音) (p.29): Sounds that are obstructed when pronounced are consonants, e.g. /p/, /f/; tho that are not are vowels, e.g. /i:/, /e/, etc.
3.Phoneme and allophone (音位与音位变体) (p.38): A phoneme is a group of sounds that sound similar and are in complementary distribution, e.g. /t/. /s/, etc.; the different members of a phoneme are called allophones, e.g. the different pronunciations of /t/ at different positions of syllables in words: too /tu:/, put /put/ and stick /stik/.
4.Distinctive features (of phonemes) (音位的区别性特征) (p.45): Features that can distinguish a phoneme from other phonemes, e.g. the consonants /s/ and /z/ are distinguished by the feature of + or – voice.
处女座和摩羯座5.Phonological process (音变过程/类型) (p.41): A process in which the pronunciation of phonemes/sounds changes becau of the impact of other adjacent/immediate phonemes/sounds, incl. assimilation (同化), epenthesis (增音), etc.
6.Supragmental (超切分音位) (p.47): A Phonological unit that usually spreads over more than one phoneme, incl. syllable, stress, intonation, tone, rhythm, etc
Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phra
1.Morpheme and allomorph (词位/词素/语素与词位变体) (p.52): The morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language which often has variants called allomorphs (changed forms, not the meaning), e.g. the negative morpheme {in-} consists of such allomorphs as im-, il-, ir-, etc.
2.Free morpheme and bound morpheme (自由词位与粘着性词位) (p.53): A morpheme that can be ud freely as a word is a free morpheme while one that can not and has to be combined with at least one other morpheme is a bound morpheme, e.g. “hat” and “the” are free morphemes while “pre-” and “-ed” are bound morphemes.
3.Word root, word ba and affix (词根, 词基与词缀) (p.53):
4.Word (词) (p.57): A morpheme or a combination of morphemes that can be ud freely in a language, e.g. “school”
5.Inflection (屈折变化) (p.61): The process in which an inflectional affix (indicating number, ten, etc.) is added to a word stem, e.g. when “-ing” is added to the verb “beat” to create continuous ten: beating.
安慰朋友失去亲人的暖心句子6.The word-formation process of derivation (派生) is not included as inflection, and the affixes ud in this process are called “derivational affixes”.
7.Major process of word-formation (主要构词法) (p.61): Derivation (派生法), Compounding (合成法), Conversion (class shift) (词性转换法).
Chapter 4: From Word to Text
1.Syntactic relations (句法关系): positional relation潮汕出花园位置关系
Substitutability可替代性关系 refers to the relation between a word/phra in a phra/ntence and another word/phra that can replace it without affecting the grammatical structure, e.g. the noun “building” can be ud to replace the noun “forest” in the phra “get out of the forest” without affecting the grammatical structure of the phra.镁在空气中燃烧的现象 Co-occurrence同现关系 refers to the relation between the words/phras in a phra/ntence, e.g. the relation between the words in the phra “leave Guangzhou for Zhuhai”.
