高考英语语法介词考点
介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语、表语、定语或宾语补足语。介词可分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词。
①Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语)
②This machine is in good condition.(表语)
③Where is the key to my bike?(定语)
④She always thinks herlf above others.〔宾补〕
一、介词的分类
〔1〕从用法分类
介词类型 | 例词 | 例句 |
表示方位 | at, before, behind, below, etc. | There must be something behind it. |
表示时间 | about, after, at, before, by, etc. | He came home after 3 days. |
表示原因、目的 | for, with, from, etc. | He died from cancer. |
表示对于 | to, for, over, at, with, etc. | The book is really difficult for me. |
表示手段、方式 | by, in, with, etc. | I will defend the motherland with my life. |
表示除去 | but, besides, except, etc. | We all went to the supermarket except Tom. |
表示比较 | as, like, above, over, than, etc. | They united as one man. |
表示结果 | to, with, without, etc. | Man can’t live without water. |
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〔2〕从结构分类
业成介词分类 | 构成 | 例词 |
简单介词 | 只有单独一个 词的介词 | after, at, on, in, during, since, till, across, over, through, past, near, to, above, by, for, down, from, of, off, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, up, with, about, against, along, among, around, etc. |
复合介词 | 由两个单词 合成的介词 | into, inside, onto, outside, throughout, towards, upon, within, without, etc. |
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短语介词 | 形容词，分词 或副词+介词 | according to, away from, down to, inside of, near to, opposite to, owing to, etc. |
连词+介词 | as for, as to, becau of, etc. |
介词+介词(又称双重介词) | from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between, etc. |
介词+名词+介词 | by means of, in front of, in spite of, on account of, with regard to, etc. |
其他 | thanks to, etc. |
由其他词类转用 | 分词 | 大跃进口号concerning, considering, including, regarding, etc. |
形容词或副词 | like, near, opposite, round, next, etc. |
连词 | than, but(除……之外), etc. |
名词 | despite(不顾；不管), etc. |
| 安全隐患排查内容 | |
[考点一]考查with/without复合结构
介词with/without+名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语/动词不定式/分词〔分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词〕在句中表状态或说明背景情况，常作伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。
With all the things she needed bought, she went home happily.
Possibly this person died without anyone knowing where the coins were hidden.
单项填空
①It was a pity that the great writer died _____ his works unfinished.
A. for B. with C. from D. of
解析：选B。考查with复合结构。works 与unfinish之间为动宾关系，所以用过去分词表示被动。如果名词或代词与后面的动词是主谓关系，则用现在分词表示主动。
[考点二]考查工具、手段、方式介词
〔1〕by, in, on三词都可表示旅行的方式
①不涉与交通工具的名词时用by，名词前不加冠词。如by a, by water, by land, by rail, by air等。
②涉与交通工具的名词时用by，名词须用单数形式，前面不加冠词或任何修饰语。如by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/boat, by train, by spaceship等。
③当旅行方式涉与确定特指的交通工具时，用on或in，名词前加冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。如travel to New York in this plane，leave on an early train，go to school on my bike备课组长职责等。
注意：步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如on foot，on horback，on a hor，on the camel。
〔2〕with, by, in恍然大悟什么意思三词均意为“用〞，表示行为的工具、手段或方式。
①with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。
学校汇报材料They are digging with a pick/spade.
We e with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.
②by, in, on, over, through等介词多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。如by hand, in ink, on the telephone, over the radio, through the telescope等。
注意：①使用语言、原料、材料时，用in表示，如in English/Japane；in blue ink等。
②表达“用……方法/式〞时，所用介词有：in this/that/the same way，by means of，by this/that means，with this/that method等。
[考点三]考查of+抽象名词的用法
“of+抽象名词〞的用法与形容词相同，在句中可作表语、定语、补语。
of+great/much +抽象名词=very+名词的形容词形式
临时用电方案of+no+抽象名词=not+名词的形容词形式
It is of great value.=It is very valuable.
It is of no u.=It is uless.
The camel is of great help to the Arab.
＝The camel is very helpful to the Arab.
[考点四]考查表示程度的介词by, to, beyond
by 表示“增加了……〞；to表示“增加到……〞；beyond表示“X围, 限度超出〞。
This new model of car is so expensive that it is beyond the reach of tho with average incomes.
单项填空
②Sorry, Madam. You’d better come tomorrow becau it’s ______ the visiting hours.
A. during B. at C. beyond D. before
解析：选C。考查介词的用法。句意为：对不起，女士，你最好明天来，因为已经过了开放时间了。beyond〔时间〕晚于，迟于。
[考点五]考查介词but的固定搭配
have no choice but to do只得做某事； can’t help but do不得不做……； can’t but do不得不只能； can’t choo but do只得做某事； but for要不是……。
I have no choice but to accept his conditions.
There was no taxi that day, I couldn’t choo but stay there for
another night.
[考点六]考查梦见摘花to one’s+情感类名词
to 与情感类名词连用，表示“某人因某事的发生而唤起其内心的某种情感〞。常见的结构
有：to＋one’s＋delight/surpri/horror/sorrow/joy/regret＝to the delight/surpri/horror/sorrow/joy/regret of sb.。这种结构表示结果，用作状语，通常置于句首，也可置于句中或句末。若要加强该结构的语气，有两种方式：①在名词前加great, deep等形容词修饰；②在整个短语前加副词greatly, much等修饰。
To his disappointment, he failed again.
[考点七]考查名词与to构成的固定搭配
key, approach, solution, answer, entrance, visit, attitude等与to构成固定搭配：the key/approach/solution/answer/entrance/visit/。
