动名词
1.时态语态
| 主动语态 | 被动语态 |
一般时 | doing电脑桌面壁纸大全 | being done |
完成时 | having done | having been done |
| | |
The books must be returned to the library after being read.
He didn’t mind being left at home.
His wife could not bear being made fun of like that.
I forget having been told about it.
He was praid for having made a great contribution to his country.
注意：完成时所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
2.作主语
（1）位于句首，谓语用单数。Reading good books makes us happy.
（2）it作形式主语。
竖轴
It’s a waste of time/money doing sth.
It’s no u doing sth.
It’s no good/no fun/uless doing sth.
It’s worthwhile doing sth.
3. 动名词做表语
Her job is raising pigs. Reading is learning. Seeing is believing.
4. 动名词做作宾语
1) 能接动名词做宾语的动词有：
产生问题的原因剖析
advi, acknowledge, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, keep, imagine, mind, suggest, admit, risk, postpone, resist, quit等。
suggest doing sth. advi sb to do sth.
2) 有些动词既可跟动词–ing形式作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但在语义上却有很大的差别。
forget to do 忘记要去做某事 forget doing 忘记曾过某事
go on to do 接着又做另一件事 go on doing 继续做同一件事
remember to do 记得要去做某事 remember doing 记得曾做过某事
stop to do 停下来去做某事 stop doing 停止做某事
try to do 努力做某事 try doing 尝试做某事
regret to do 对将要做的事表示遗憾 regret doing 对做过的事表示遗憾再的笔顺是
mean to do 打算/想做某事 mean doing 意味着/意思是做某事
propo to do 爸爸生日蛋糕图片打算做某事 propo doing 建议做某事
3) 动名词六个月宝宝发烧做介词的宾语。
After taking careful aim, he let the arrow fly.
He went away without saying a word.。 Thank you for telling me.
We are looking forward to eing you again. He insisted on doing it in his own way.
4. 动名词做定语
a waiting room a changing room building materials
a working method a walking stick They don’t like this way of looking at things.
5. 动名词的复合结构（动名词前面有代词、名词、形容词性物主代词或名词的所有格形式）
Do you mind my/ me reading your paper? I don’t like father/father’ smoking.
Charlie apologized for his not being able to inform me of the change in the plan .
Victor apologized for his not being able to inform me of the change in the plan beforehand.
His making the same mistake again made his parents very angry. I don’t like them smoking.
6.主动形式表示被动含义
The wall needs painting. The car requires repairing. The wall wants requiring.快速背书的方法
The book is worth reading.
分词
1.分词作定语：
1)现在分词作定语。
当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时，用v.ing形式；当为被动关系且表示动作正在进行时用being＋过去分词；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且动作已经完成时，要用过去分词形式，现在分词的完成时不作定语。现在分词作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在说话时该动作正在进行。
Three days later I received a letter offering me the job.
The hous being built are for the students.
2)过去分词作定语。
过去分词作定语与被修饰词之间存在逻辑上的被动关系，表示动作已完成。及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动完成，少数不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示完成，不表被动。
The retired worker was sweeping the fallen leaves on the road.
3)--ing或冬夜--ed结尾的分词转化而来的形容词，如果修饰的是voice, eyes, look, expression等
能够直接表现人的情感的名词，通常用--ed结尾的形容词。
He stood outside the operation room with a worried expression on his face.
4)某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，此时这些过去分词不表被动，只表示一种状态。如：lost, ated, dresd, stuck, absorbed, devoted等。
2.分词作状语
1）分词短语作状语时，看分词动词与句子主语的关系；是主——谓关系时，选用现在分词；是动——宾关系时，选用过去分词。
如：When heated，the metal expands，and if allowed to cool，it will contrast。金属受热时会膨胀，冷却就会收缩。
Once tested，the machine may be put into rvice。一经检验，机器就可以使用。
When not knowing how to pronounce a word ，you may consult the dictionary。当你不知道一个词如何发音时，你可以去查字典。
重点掌握现在分词作结果状语和伴随状语以及现在分词和不定式作结果状语的区别。
He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather plead. 他把一个手指放进嘴里，尝了尝，笑了，看起来挺高兴。（伴随状语）
He was caught in the rain, making himlf catch cold.(结果状语)
现在分词作结果状语表示必然结果，前可加thus,不定式表意外的结果，前可加only.
He was caught in the rain, thus making himlf catch cold.
I hurried to school, only to find that it was Sunday.
2）当分词动作发生之后谓语动作才发生，而分词主语的关系是主谓关系时，分词用having done 的形式。如果分词动作发生之后谓语动作才发生，且分词动词，句子主句主语是动宾关系时，分词用 having been done
Having arrived at the factory, they immediately t to work.
3）当分词短语用作状语时，分词的逻辑主语应该与句子的主语保持一致。如果不一致，分词短语则应该有其自己的逻辑主语（名词或代词）。这种带有逻辑主语的分词短语叫做分词的独立主格结构。当发现前后两个主谓结构，中间是逗号而没有连词时就应该把一个主谓结构变成分词独立主格结构。
例 误: Hearing the news, tears came to her eyes.
正: Hearing the news, she burst into tears.
正: When she heard the news, tears came to her eyes
Her grandfather being ill, she had to stay at home looking after him.
例如：_____________ her mother had come, her face lit up.
A. Hearing B. Having heard C. When hearing D. When she heard
