Grape Species, Varieties & Rootstocks
Vine species: any member of the genus vitis 1- Vitis Vinifera -> European / 5 to 10,000 varieties / suitable for wine making 2- Vitis Riparia 3- Vitis Rupestris 4- Vitis Berlandieri 1)Vine anatomy Shoots : new growth a vine produces each year . contains nodes that each will give a leaf + flower or leaf + tendril Leaves :
responsible for photosynthesis by which plants u chlorophyll + energy from sunlight to convert water + CO2 in sugar gluco and oxygen The gluco will 1. Allow to vine to reinforce its structure 2. Store the energy necessary for the plant’s living 3. Concentrate in the fruit which makes it attractive to animals that will propagate their eds
Tendrils :
structure the vine us to support itlf by winding themlves tightly around trellis wires to keep the shoot right
Flowers+Berries : reproductive organs. Grouped in bunches called inflorescences.Flower pollinated ! berry ! grape Buds
embryonic shoots that form between leaf + shoot buds ! shoots + leaves + flowers + tendrils the year after
1-year old wood : shoots ! woody ! old wood critical as vines will only produce fruit on shoots that grow from buds from the previous year Cane : 1-year old wood pruned + left with 8-15 buds (long)Spur :
1-year old wood pruned + left with 2-3 buds (short)
Permanent wood : wood > 1 year old restricted by pruning. Made of trunk + arms of the
vine (cordons)stores carbohydrates rerves during the winter that will then fuel shoots’ initial growth until leaves can support them Roots
过生日的说说
1. absorb water + nutrients from the soil
2. Anchor the vine
3. Store carbohydrates for winter survival
4. Can help protect against phylloxera
2)Origin of grape varieties
2 grapevines are from the same grape variety if the ancestry of every plant follows a line of cuttings lead to the same single original parent plant. Different if 2 different edlings found.婵娟指什么
Native North America Resistant to Phylloxera Provides root system for Vinifera
Varieties cannot be reproduced by planting the pips (eds) of a grape.
Variations within species can come from
a) xual reproduction: flower pollinated -> ed planted
every edling is in theory a new variety although the child will bear
similarities with parents. Execption: Morio Muskat (Sylvaner + Pinot
雪地里的小画家教案Blanc)
b) Mutations: if error in copying process of new bud. Usually differences are small.
Exception: Pinot Blanc + Pinot Gris= mutated from Pinot Noir
3)Clones and clonal lection
For consistency, identical copies can be done via:
A)Cutting : ction taken from healthy shoot before it has become woody and
planted
B)Layering: bending a cane down and burying a ction in the ground
Clonal lection: take cuttings from a lected plant that displays best characteristics and lling it for widespread u. The population grown from the
cuttings are clones.
Disadvantages: a) difficult to build long term vision b) homogeneity
means any weakness is general (dias) c) uniformisation of taste
4)Crossings and hybrids
NEW varieties = difficult to create as 1. Difficult. Many fail in yr1
2. Lengthy. Minimum 2-3 years for 1st fruit
3. Costly. R&D Investment
Examples: Pinotage (SA) / Dornfelder (GER): commercial success
but not noble grapes
Methods:
A)Crossings: both parents are from V. Vinifera.
Ex: Cab Sauvignon: Cab Franc + Sauvignon Blanc
Thurgau: Riesling + Madeleine Royale
Pinotage: pinot Noir + cinsault
B)Hybrids: parents come from different species
U in the US where Vinifera was struggling to grow. Outlawed in EU
in 50s.
Now rarely ud for winemaking but more for rootstocks
5)Phylloxera and rootstocks
Phylloxera vine pest that caud widespread destruction off EU vineyards in mid XIX th
Cycle: lives underground + feeds from roots
Barely visible to naked eye
Bacteria + fungi infect the roots and slowly kills the roots and the vine
Only cure: grafting American rootstocks (cross incl. Berlandieri better
adapted to EU’s lime-rich soils) on to V Vinifera.
Rootstocky hybrids great vs. phylloxera
Nematodes
手工发夹制作教程
Drought
Soil salinity
V Vinifera vigour control
Grafting: technique ud to join a hybrid rootstock to a V. Vinifera variety
a)BENCH grafting short ctions of 2 canes cut
2 canes spliced together by machine + store in warm
humid environment
= callus formed
b)HEAD grafting existing vine cut back (only trunk remains) + bud of
new variety grafted onto trunk
If successful fruit ready with next vintage
6)Key grape varieties
W1 – Chardonnay
最帅男明星W2 -Sauvignon Blanc W3 – Riesling
W4 - Pinot Gris
W4 - Viognier
W5 – Muscat
黎曼积分
B1 – Pinot Noir B2 – Cabernet Sauvignon B3 – Merlot
B4 – Syrah
B5 - Grenache
B6 – Sangiove
B7 – T empranillo
The Growing Environment
Key vine inputs:
1.HEAT from soil and sun
2.SUNLIGHT from sun and soil
3.WATER from rainfall, irrigation, soil/bedrock
4.NUTRIENTS from soil deposits, bed rock, humus, fertilir
Climate: annual weather patterns averaged over veral years
Weather: variations of the patterns on annual basis
1)HEAT/ Temperature
< 10C cells stop functioning. Vine -> dormant
> 22C cells consumes more sugar vs possible via photosynthesis which lead to slowdown + vine stop
16C to 22C: ideal growing temperature
Factors affecting temperature:
a.Latitude
b.Altitude
c.Winds/currents. Ex: Humboldt and Beguela cools Chile and SA while Gulf Stream warms up
NW of EU
d.Fog
e.Soil & water content
f.Aspect/sun exposition
Continentality: summer vs. winter temp. Large bodies of a -> moderating effect
Diurnal range: day vs. night Lakes, rivers -> soften differences
Cool nights => vine rest + longer ason Warm nights => accelerates ripening Hi diurnal range => more aromatic + fresh Lo diurnal range => more full bodied
Key temperature hazards 1. <-20C winter freeze + vine death
2. < 0 spring frost -> new buds damaged/killed
Protections: burners, wind machines, sprinklers, vineyard design (in slopes)
3. T oo mild winters -> disruption of cycles with 2 asons in 1
4. Hot summers -> ripening acceleration + drought risk
Climate Continentality Rainfall Growing Season
temperature Growing ason sunlight
Continental Hi Low Cool -> Champagne, Mol
Mod -> Burgundy, Central Otago,
Barolo
Warm -> Ribera Del Duero,
Mendoza
Hot -> La Mancha, Port
Very Sunny
Maritime Lo to Med Med/hi
(all year)Cool -> Muscadet
Mod -> Bordeaux, Rias Baixas
Warm -> Auckland
Cloudy
Mediterranean Lo to Med Low/Med
(mainly
winters)Mod -> Chianti, Carneros
Warm ->Chateauneuf, Napa
Valley
Hot -> Murray-Darling
Sunny
2)SUNLIGHT
Needed for Photosynthesis. The more light, the more vine vigor.
赤身露体Ex: Hunter valley -> cloudy -> grape with low sugar levels
Factors affecting sunlight:
a.Seas+Lakes -> more clouds
b.Latitude -> longer summer days when further from equator. Ex: Washington State -> Cab
Sauvignon
c.Aspect -> steep + south-facing slopes help maximi sun exposure
Sunlight Hazards Excess => sunburn . Bitter-tasting grapes
Lack of => less fruitful buds + difficult ripening of grapes. Hi acidity low fruit
3)WATER
Needed for: photosynthesis + mild water stress to promote ripening.
Water needs ri with temperature.
Transpiration: way by which vine access water via roots up to leaves
Precipitation
Irrigation 3 techniques: DRIP / SPRINKLERS / FLOOD
Water Hazards: Excess -> overgrowth + fungal infection in growing ason
-
> rot + flavour dilution in late growing ason
Lack of -> transpiration stops + photosynthesis stops = no ripening
4)SOIL
我想看小伶玩具Compod of: soil particles, stones & rocks, humus + plant nutrients
Ideal soil = few nutrients but well drained to store enough water for nxt ason
Soil + Water: soil needs to provide vine with good supply of water in early growing ason to promote buds flowering and then reduced supply throughout ason to help
ripening
Soil + nutrients: only very small amounts needed. Mainly Nitrogen, Phosphorous & Potassium key in hi levels
Excess -> excessive vine vigour Lack of -> vine not able to grow properly
Chlorosis: lack of iron -> less cholorphyll in the leaves -> reduced synthesis ->
poorer grapes. Most common in hi limestone Champagne, Burgundy, Rioja,
Barolo.
T erroir: enmble of environmental influences that give wine n of place: aspect, weather, soil, slope, grape variety, climate.
