科学技术史（英）笔记整理
Lecture 1: introduction
Possible definitions of “science”:
The Latin scientia , root scire
Allen Charimos科学始于迷茫，终于更高的迷茫。
Deng Xiaoping : Science and technology is the first productivity
George Sarton: mankind’s unique activity of accumulation and progression
Three aspects of science:1.scientific knowledge科学知识
2.scientific methods科学方法
落伍的英文
3.scientific spirit科学精神
Three kinds of rearch methods of hist of scien&tec:
1.annals or chronicles
如何强肾the achievements but the mind of tho writers思想史学派的概念分析方法audience
3.sociological method社会学的方法：注重科学的社会、文化功能
functions of history of science & technology:
< understand sciences better帮助人们更好地理解科学
< be a basis of other branches
< bridge liberal arts and sciences
< form a basis for scientific decision-making
Lecture 2: science and technology of the ancient world
Ancestry of alphabetic system of writing：腓尼基人
Cancer (巨蟹座)：21st June ~20th July（老师说就考这个）
Aries (白羊座)：21st March~20th April
Babylon dias were described on the clay tablets like eye and ear trouble, skin and heart dias .surgical equipment made in2300BC Lecture 3:Greco-Roman
Socrates—Plato------Aristotle----Alexander the Great
Aristotelian kinematics:
四叶草花语
2 types of motion: natural and compulsory
Earth-centered
It’s illogical to apply the scientific concepts and inferences applicable to the earth
Any objects in motion are propelled by external objects. The speed and propelling force for the motion of objects from the external force are on the right proportion but are on the rever proportion with resistance.
Euclid, virtually founder of the plane geometry.
Archimedes 物理学家，数学家，静力学和附体力学奠基人
杠杆原理lever principle
Give me a fulcrum, I can propel the earth.
Ptolemy(100~170AD)Greek astronomer and geographer.集大成之作《至大论》（约145AD）
天坛的祈年殿——祭天祀谷，风调雨顺，国泰民安
宇宙理论：盖天说，浑天说，宣夜说
3.limit极限
4.numerical solution of the equation of a higher degree高次方程的
小铁柱
数值解法400字的作文
5.quaternary technique四元术
7.equation方程术
8.Jia Xian triangle---Y ang Hui triangle贾宪三角——杨辉三角
chapter 5 Period from the Middle Ages to Renaissance
significance of the navigation:
The navigations have led to the journeys of exploration to discovery more unknown lands , greatly increasing human knowledge about the
world they live in.
Navigations and astronomy, making the economy prosper.
Lecture 6: scientific revolutions initiated by the astronomy progress
On the revolutions四论点：
1.The earth is not static.
2.The monn is a satellite of earth.
3.the sun is the center of the univer.
4.heavenly bodies happen to be where they are in a certain order and
there is also law with their motion.
Four key figures in answering what has caud planets,especially the earth to be in motion.
1.Tycho’s main contribution is accurate and compete obrvation
2.Kepler Johaness Kepler turned astronomy from the application of
费圣英geometry into a branch of physical mechanics
3.Galileo Galileo revealed the truth behind the heavenly bodies way of
the telescope and further developed the new(没记)
4.Descartes Rene Descartes conceived a finite univer,where no
position or direction is very special and the su is only a fixed star in our region.
毛狮犬
Tycho Brahe第谷布拉赫
1. a great deal of data about planets
Tycho’s great contribution lies in that he has accumulated a great deal of data about planets through his long obrvation
2. the star” Nova”
1572年11月11日，于仙后座发现新星，后命名为“第谷星”
3. obrvation of comets
4.successfully cultivated Kepler
Kepler, three laws of Kepler
1st law : law of ellip
The orbit of every planet is an ellip with the Sun at one of the two foci 行星沿椭圆轨道绕太阳运动，太阳位于椭圆的一个焦点上
2nd law: law of area
A line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.
从太阳到行星的矢径在相等的时间内扫过相同的面积
3rd law : the law of harmony调和定律
The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the mi-major axis of its orbit.
行星绕日一周时间的平方和行星各自椭圆轨道的长半轴的立方成正比
R^3/T^2=k
Galileo 1564年2月15日生于比萨，米开朗琪罗死于3日后
